Date: September 25th, 2009
Time: 10:00am to 2:00pm
Location: Canadian Coast Guard Station, 25 Huron Street, Victoria
Meeting Room: Administration Building, J. Wedge Board Room
Draft Agenda
Sunny Ashcroft
September 22, 2000
Laboratory: A Sealion Ethology
Aim:
To become familiar with the process of preparing an ethology, including observation over a period of time, proper techniques of observation, and analysis of data collected. Natural animal behavior of sealions will be studied using field observations, and patterns of behavior will try to be identified and quantified using an ethogram and time budget. An ethogram lists behaviors observed by the subject, while the time budget gives the percentage of time that the subject engaged in the behavior.1
Introduction
Data for this ethology was collected on Race Rocks, a rocky outcrop housing a lighthouse and several buildings, and now an ecological reserve, located in the Juan de Fuca Strait. Figure 1 shows the location at which the subjects were observed, with field binoculars, and the site of observation.
Figure 1: Photo of Race Rocks showing observation location and site of observation
The group of sea lions observed consisted of both species of sealion found at Race Rocks, California and Steller’s. The observations were taken over the period of one hour, with 6 minutes being allotted to each of the 10 sealions observed, 5 of the subjects being the darker and smaller Steller’s sealions, Eumetopias jubatus, and 5 of the subjects being the pale and larger California sealions, Zalophus californianus. Due to the distance that the observations were taking place, I was unable to identify the morphology of the sealions observed. This particular group of sealions was observed from 12:00pm to 1:00pm on September 15, 2000. The weather was fair, with sun and only sparse cloud cover, and a breeze.
Data Analysis
| Grooming behavior – scratching intermediately looking around, observing grooming (i.e. licking, smoothing self with tongue) stretching |
Observation sitting up on fins looking up at sky looking around |
Making noises Sitting up and random noise making (i.e. non aggressive barking) Socially aggressive no extensive movement of body (excluding sitting up or posturing) opened mouth aggression, may or not be making noise aggressive posturing |
| Movement:aggressive, or because of antagonism involves making noise (i.e. barking) aggressive charging or chasing movement away or towards an aggressor being aggressive towards others |
Movement:not aggressive moving for better position on rock, or sleeping position |
Resting laying down with intermediate head raising or barking yawning |
Part B: Sealion Time Budget
| Number of 6 min. observation periods |
10 | %E. Movement:aggressive | 8% |
| Number of individuals observed | 10 | % F. Movement:non aggressive | 24% |
| Total minutes of observation |
60 | % G. Resting | 13% |
| % A. Grooming behavior |
29 | ||
| % B. Observation | 16 | ||
| % C. Making noises | 8% | ||
| % D. Socially aggressive |
2% | ||
Evaluation
According to Figure 2 it appears that most of a sealion’s time, in comparison with other behavioral categories identified, is spent grooming (29%). This is followed by non-aggressive movement (24%), and then by observation (16%) and resting (13%). Both at 8% of the observed hour are aggressive movement and making noises. The least part of the sealion’s hour, 2%, was spent in socially aggressive behavior. This data would suggest that at this particular hour of observation, from 12:00pm to 1:00pm, sealions perched on rocks can be said to spend their time at various activities, but that the majority of time is spent grooming, moving non-aggressively (for better resting position), and resting. This behavior can be attributed to the fair weather and amount of sunlight available at this time of the day.This data does not really relate to the energy requirements of the species as the sealions were not observed to be feeding or hunting on or for their food.2 In fact from the data gathered, it might be possible to postulate that the sealions, during that one hour period, did not require much energy at all since they were mostly at rest, and at activities related to their own well being that were not related to hunting or eating. Similarily the data collected also does not shed that much light on the adaptive strategy of the sealion.3 The data collected can be interpreted to say that sealions are adapted to lying and resting on the land, with such motor capabilities and lung capabilities as needed, away from possible predatory sources in the sea.
Several sources of error can be identified in this particular experiment. The first and perhaps most important is the failure of the group to return to Race Rocks at a similar time of day, during the same part of the year, to do another hour of observation of the sealions. This data would have been very beneficial in the compilation of both the time budget and the ethogram and would have made our observations more accurate. The observations, had they been taken during two different intervals, should be made at relatively the same time of day and year to keep the results as accurate as possible, as to relate what that species is doing at that particular point in time, during that time of day.
The sealions observed by the group were of different species. This fact is very interesting. Our observations can then be said to represent the behavior of “sealions” in general, but is not very species specific. To be entirely accurate and precise only one of the species should have been observed for the hour. In that manner our observations could be said to accurately depict the behavior of such and such species at such and such time in the day.
The groups method of recording data is judged to have been fairly good. In a group of two, the 6 min periods of time were alternated between us, and the one partner who was not looking through the field glasses at the subject was recording and timing the observations of the other. This proved to be a fairly efficient and effective manner of recording data. A source of error could be attributed to the amount of time taken for the next observer to pick up the field glasses and locate the new subject of observation. To improve upon this it is suggested that only one person take the observations the entire hour, and the other partner record everything observed. This would eliminate the time gap, but it wouldn’t be very much fun .
The distance at which our observations were taken did not allow the group to identify between the males and females of both species. This is unfortunate and would have added to our data. If we were able to the group should have pre-determined that half of the hour would be given to females of the species, and half of the hour to males. This would have allowed for more accurate and impartial data. The fact that the group was unable to determine the sex of the sealions also gives rise to the question, what other details did we miss out on because of the distance of our observations? If possible, the observations should have been made at a distance where important details could be observed, but the observers would have to keep in mind that they should disturb the natural environment as little as possible. As it was, our distance did not allow for disturbance of the sealions or their environment.
The temperature, wind direction, water temperature, and other related physical statistics about the area of observation were not noted down at the time of observation. The absence of this data is of particular importance when analyzing the reason for the behavior of the sealions being what it is, and why so much time was spent on a particular activity. For instance, I have postulated above that the sealions spent so much time grooming, resting, and moving to get into a better resting position, because the weather was so fair and sunlight in abundance. More accurate observations of temperature and the weather would have assisted in this analysis.
Our group’s method of observing a group of sealions at a particular physical location, with 6 min on each individual, is judged to have been a fairly good one. Our group moved from the individuals in the left of the group to the individuals to the right of the group, one sealion after another, spending 6 min of observation time on each individual. This resulted in impartiality and our data being a representation of the entire group of sealions at that particular hour. The data collected can only be said to represent the behavior at that particular location though:what about those sealions in the water, what are they doing? As this data was not gathered, our observations cannot be said to truly depict an hour in the life of a sealion, only an hour in the life of those sealions that were resting on that rock at that time.
As for the compilation of the data collected, the most objective descriptions can be said to be the sub-points in the categories A through G. The categories themselves, the category titles, and the grouping of the sub-points into their respective categories, can be said to be more subjective. My ability to judge what behavior belongs in which category, for example in the grooming category, which includes both elements of observation and the subject licking itself, I established that grooming behavior appeared to include periods of looking up from one’s grooming and observing one’s surroundings. This is my own personal interpretation, and while it may not be correct, is what I correlate with what I have observed. This makes such categories subjective in manner. Others may not necessarily categorize what I may categorize as a certain behavior the same way. As well my personal method of making an ethogram is quite interesting. I have clearly identified seven behavioral categories that include specific behavioral actions. These are my interpretations of what my group observed. In this way the ethogram itself can be said to be subjective.
Overall the laboratory, and results obtained, are judged to have been adequate for the aim proposed.
Resources“Race Rocks Website https://www.racerocks.ca accessed September 21, 2000
Appendix A,
“Ethology Laboratory“, prepared by Matt Rise
“Sealion Field guide”, http://www.lifestories.com/Spring99/field-guide/seal-field-guide.htm, accessed September 21, 2000
1. sentence adapted from Introduction in “Ethology Laboratory” handout
2. referring to question 7 in “Ethology Laboratory” handout
3. referring to question 8 in “Ethology Laboratory” handout
In this interview for the CBC program “The World This Weekend” by CBC reporter Loreen Pindera (Pearson College student, year 3) with Garry Fletcher, faculty member at Lester Pearson College. they discuss how a fragile ecosystem can be loved to death by too many people wanting to visit it, The solution for the Race Rocks Ecological reserve was to use the technology of the internet to bring this island ecosystem in the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the world while conserving this fragile ecosystem -Sept 16/2000.
RACE ROCKS OFFICIALLY DESIGNATED AS AN MPA SEPT. 14, 2000
Table of Contents:PREAMBLE
LIST OF APPENDICES III–Assessment of known conservation (Table 1) and socio-economic (Table 2) values in (Race Rocks) Marine Protected Area according to IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas IV–Consultative Process V–Guiding Principles for Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area VI–Maps VII–Bibliography PREAMBLE The purpose of this proposal is to demonstrate that the criteria outlined in the draft Canada/British Columbia Marine Protected Area Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast (Appendix I) for establishing marine protected areas have been met, thereby providing the rationale for proceeding with formal designation of Race Rocks Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act. Such designation will compliment the protected status of the existing provincial Ecological Reserve. In addition, designation of Race Rocks Marine Protected Area will also contribute to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas initiative to create and manage a network of marine protected areas. 1.0 INTRODUCTION In 1998, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans announced four pilot Marine Protected Area initiatives on Canada’s Pacific coast. One of these areas was Located at the eastern entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait, Race Rocks has been managed as a provincial marine protected area for the past 20 years. The natural values of the
The area’s remarkable tidal flow – up to seven knots – supplies a generous stream of nutrients to a thriving community of subtidal invertebrates, including sponges, anenomes, hydroids and soft corals. Crowds of barnacles, tunicates, urchins and sea stars adorn the underwater cliffs. Fish such as sculpin, rockfish and lingcod seek refuge in the rocky crevices and undulating kelp forests. Above water, the islets serve as nesting colonies for many seabirds, such as gulls, cormorants, pigeon guillemots and oystercatchers, and as a stopover for migratory birds. They share the rocks with resting harbour seals, Stellar and California sea lions, and a few Northern Elephant seals. River otters patrol the shoreline and killer whales are frequent visitors. Gray whales, Dall’s and harbour porpoises occasionally pass by. The The exceptional diversity of marine life at Designation as a Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act will be followed by a further consultation process leading to the preparation of a long-term integrated management plan for the joint federal/provincial marine protected area under the direction of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks.
2.0 BACKGROUND:
2.1-International, National and Provincial Context Canada and British Columbia are committed to the protection of marine biodiversity and ecological processes, and the sustainable use of marine resources. The commitment to establish Marine Protected Areas fulfils Canada’s international responsibilities and obligations to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and as a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNEP 1994) and the major components of the Jakarta Mandate developed under that Convention. This commitment also provides a means of meeting obligations under the Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention). This commitment is reinforced by a national Fisheries and Oceans Canada policy for establishing Marine Protected Areas. This policy aims to establish a system of Marine Protected Areas under the Oceans Act throughout Canada’s oceans to protect areas that are examples of the major ecological regions and the communities of plants and animals they contain. Supported by a range of provincial and federal marine-related legislation and policy responsibilities, the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region and National) provides advice and input to assist in the co-ordination and integration of Marine Protected Area proposals at the broader regional and national level. Section 35 of the Oceans Act specifically provides for the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans to establish Marine Protected Areas. The commitment of this Act and associated policy supports the above international responsibilities and obligations in addition to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas program of promoting the establishment and management of a global representative system of Marine Protected Areas (Kelleher et al 1995). Appendix II lists the internationally accepted IUCN management categories for protected areas. These management categories were developed by the IUCN with input from agencies with protected area responsibilities from around the world to promote a consistent approach to protected area management. It is proposed that this MPA will have an appropriate management category assigned to it as part of the preparation, with stakeholders, of the management plan.
 (Race Rocks)(Race Rocks) area is entrusted to all Canadians. To ensure that the interests of all Canadians are fairly represented in management processes for the area, three lead steward groups will oversee the management of the (Race Rocks) area. The tri-partied management of will be comprised of the Coast Salish First Nations people; the provincial government through the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks; and the federal government through Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The legislative authorities under which these stewards are mandated (acknowledged) are as follows:
First Nations: Aboriginal title to traditionally used territories is recognized and affirmed as an ‘existing Aboriginal right’ in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Aboriginal title is one manifestation of a broader-based conception of Aboriginal rights. Aboriginal title is based on occupation of traditional territory prior to the assertion of European sovereignty and takes into account the following aspects: right of exclusive use and occupation of the land; right to choose to what purposes the land can be put; and the economic aspect of the land. (Delgamuukw vs. British Columbia). The Crown is required to give appropriate priority to Aboriginal interests in Aboriginal title lands, reflecting the exclusive nature of Aboriginal title. The Supreme Court has also affirmed the Crown’s obligation to accommodate participation by First Nations in decision-making with regard to development of lands subject to Aboriginal title. The legal authority to establish a protected marine area flows from one or more provincial and federal statutes including: British Columbia’s Ecological Reserve Act, Park Act, Wildlife Act or Environment and Land Use Act, as well as the Fisheries Act of Canada, National Parks Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada’s Oceans Act or the proposed new Marine Conservation Areas Act. Fisheries and Oceans Canada has the mandate to manage specified marine resources under the Fisheries Act and the Oceans Act. Section 35 (2) of the Oceans Act states that the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada has a responsibility “to lead and co-ordinate the development and implementation of a national system of Marine Protected Areas on behalf of the Government of Canada”. Section 35 (1) of the Oceans Act authorizes the Government of Canada to establish Marine Protected Areas for a number of reasons, including the conservation and protection of:
British Columbia ecological reserves are established by provincial order-in-council under the Ecological Reserves Act for the:
2.3-Marine Protected Area Strategy The governments of Canada and British Columbia are working together to implement a Marine Protected Areas strategy that will achieve co-ordinated marine protection and conservation goals for the Pacific coast. As mentioned earlier, one of these areas is The proposed designation of
4. The Past collaboration between Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks has yielded Fisheries Act closures within the reserve for most species since 1990. The creation of an Oceans Act MPA within the water column above the provincial Ecological Reserve will facilitate the integrated management of the Management planning processes provide a mechanism for public review and support for management strategies. In this respect it will be important that the proposed management plan for the joint Ecological Reserve – Marine Protected Area make appropriate linkages with other land use planning strategies.
3.0-
These values have been categorized into three interest areas: Conservation, Cultural Heritage, and Socio-Economic. While the Ecological Reserve and Marine Protected Area complement each other in contributing to the maintenance of biological diversity and the protection of genetic material, equally important is the historic significance of the area to First Nations people and mariners.
3.1-Conservation Values The Ecosystem Overview of Race Rocks (Race Rocks Ecosystem Overview, G. Fletcher, 1999) and the Draft Management Plan for Race Rocks (BC Parks, 1998) identify a number of key conservation values for the Geology: The geological terrain that includes Race Rocks is known as the Crescent Terrain, with the most prominent feature being the Metchosin Igneous Complex. This package of rocks are fine grained basalts (extrusive ocean crust) and their coarse grained equivalent, gabbros (intrusive rocks). Still evident are the small erratics and scour marks from the last of three glaciations. Climate: Located in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and influenced by a wind funnel effect over the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Temperature and salinity: Race Rocks lightstation staff have recorded salinity and temperature for the past sixty years, with some local records dating back to 1921. Salinity varies considerably and is seasonally affected by the large volumes of weakly stratified, freshwater from the Fraser River. Winter water temperatures average about 7.5° C. with summer peaks of about 11° C. Physical oceanography: The area features high velocity currents that can reach up to seven knots in some shallow rocky intertidal or subtidal locales. The currents create a turbulent regime that brings nutrients up from surrounding depths and thus support a highly localized and complex food web. The currents also mix the water column, inhibit stratification, and promote high dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Rocky intertidal and subtidal sites especially those with high current flow also attract many diverse species of fishes, marine mammals and seabirds and promote high levels of invertebrate larval recruitment. Marine algae and vascular plants: Forty-one taxa are found at Race Rocks. Approximately 50% of vegetation coverage consists of Brown Kelps in certain depths and months; 30-90% may be Coralline Algae in other locales. Their biomass may be significantly higher than in surrounding areas. Phytoplankton and zooplankton: Species information is available from collection stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a highly dynamic but poorly studied area. About 130 known taxa of phytoplankton and 100 zooplankton occur. Diatoms are most abundant in spring and early summer; dinoflagellates high in later summer and early fall; microflagellates in winter. Chlorophyll ranges from 1 to 5 mg/m3, low in fall/winter, high in spring/summer. Calanoid copepods are a dominant group, up to 70 – 90% in spring and summer. Pseudocalanus are most common species in the Strait. Other important zooplankton include euphasids, arrow worms, and fish eggs and larvae. Zooplankton abundance reaches a high of about one million individuals per sq. metre in August. Benthic Invertebrates: Although the species list is incomplete, evidence indicates high abundance and species diversity with over 200 taxa listed. Germesia (soft-coral), Gorgonocephalus (brittle star), E. prolifera and M. senile (anemones) are extremely abundant. Pacific abalone is listed as threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Recent towed video surveys showed high occurrences of sea urchins and anemones. Fishes: Thirty-five species are found here. However, there are large knowledge gaps about the fish populations and their roles in this ecosystem. The area represents a critical habitat for many species of rockfish, lingcod, and kelp greenling. Some rockfish species are now considered a “Species of Concern” by Washington State (U.S.A.) and are of conservation concern in B.C. Birds: About 45 known species of marine associated birds use Race Rocks Area for feeding, roosting, and nesting. The area provides critical nesting habitat for Glaucous-winged Gulls, Pigeon Guillemots, Black Oystercatchers and possibly Brandt’s Cormorants. Twenty-three percent of the Pelagic Cormorant population in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca nests at Race Rocks. Marine Mammals: Species found at Race Rocks include five known species of pinnipeds and ten species of cetaceans, five of which are common. The area is primarily used as a stop-over and rafting site for California (>1,000) and Steller sea lions (>50) in the winter. Harbour seals are the primary year-round resident users for haulout, birthing, pupping, and weaning. Race Rocks is the largest haulout for harbour seals in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the second largest in the Canadian waters of the Georgia Basin, and can represent up to 20% of the South Gulf Islands population. 3.2- Cultural Heritage Values Traditional harvest: Four Coast Salish First Nations, Beecher Bay, T’souke, Songees and Esquimalt Nations, claim the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca as part of their traditional territory. Other Coast Salish Nations may have used this area. Interviews with First Nations representatives indicate that a wide range of food was available from the coastal waters including gull’s eggs, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, chitons, snails, whelks, mussels, barnacles, seaweeds, crab and fish. Seafood was not only eaten but also traded with other First Nations including those from Washington State (U.S.A.). Marine Navigation: As part of the “Graveyard of the Pacific”, the area was named “Race Rocks” by officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company who noted the area as a severe hazard to navigation in the 19th century due to the dangers created by the rip tide. Numerous shipwrecks led to the establishment of a lighthouse station at Great Race Rock in 1860. This lighthouse is the second oldest on Canada’s West Coast and is protected with designation as a heritage structure. The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia maintains an inventory of shipwreck sites within the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve.
3.3 -Socio-economic interests The diversity and significance of natural, cultural heritage and recreational values of the Race Rocks area generates substantial and varied socio-economic interests. Under the provincial legislation however, there are significant limitations on the acceptable uses of the area. For instance, the primary purpose of the Ecological Reserve is the protection of the natural and cultural heritage values, and human use may only occur to the extent to which these values are not impaired. Ecological Reserves are not designated for recreational purposes. The socio-economic interests identified below should be considered in light of this restrictive legislation.
BC. Parks, Parks Canada, the Department of National Defence and Fisheries and Oceans Canada are committed to a coordinated and cooperative approach to the management of Race Rocks and providing the level of protection identified by the public and the RRAB. This pilot process has led to a greater understanding and improved collaboration between these agencies.
(Race Rocks) Marine protected AreaTo assist Canada and B.C. in working towards the formal designation of the Membership on the Race Rocks Advisory Board was comprised of representatives from: Friends of Ecological Reserves, the local dive community, Georgia Strait Alliance, Pearson College, First Nations (Coast Salish Sea Council), Sport Fish Advisory Board – Victoria, Department of National Defence, Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific, Parks Canada, the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the local science community, Northwest Whale Watchers Association and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The function of the Advisory Board was to:
(Race Rocks) and recommendations for management of the MPA; and, ensure community involvement in the establishment and on-going management of the
4.2 -A Vision for “Based on a cooperative and integrated, multi-lateral relationship, Race Rocks Marine Protected Area – Ecological Reserve will conserve and protect a unique, high-energy marine ecosystem for the benefit of future generations.” Eco-tourism As British Columbia’s eco-tourism and dive industries expand, it is anticipated that visits to Any restrictions to recreational use will be made in consultation with the Race Rocks Advisory Board and the affected interest groups and others. For example, through the public advisory group process, and with the support of the whale watching industry, voluntary guidelines for appropriate viewing procedures have been established. As the popularity of viewing activities increases, this use will be monitored and further restrictions may be applied if impacts on the resources exceed acceptable limits. Recreational Fishing There are conservation concerns related to bycatch of species of concern such as rockfish and lingcod in the recreational salmon and halibut fisheries directly adjacent to the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. The Race Rocks Advisory Board recommended that the area be closed to all fishing activity. Although initially reluctant to consider a total recreational fishing closure within the boundary of the proposed Recreational Boating Proximity to a large population base and the geographic location of Race Rocks (transit between the “west coast” and Gulf Island communities) make the Marine Protected Area particularly vulnerable to boating use. The volume of traffic passing in close proximity to, or through the MPA, will likely continue to increase over time. This activity will need to be closely monitored and subject to marine safety considerations, further restrictions may be required if adverse impacts exceed acceptable limits. Marine Navigation Due to the isolated nature, and the small area encompassed by the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve and proposed Marine Protected Area, even a small oil spill could have a devastating impact on the Race Rocks area. Oil spill contingency resources are available in Victoria. There may be a requirement to consider special contingency arrangements during the development of the management plan for The Port of Vancouver’s draft Ballast Water Management Guidelines state that dumping of ballast water may take place west of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. The introduction of alien species and contamination could significantly impact the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region) Members of the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region) were contacted by letter in mid-May to determine if there were any issues related to moving forward with designation of the Race Rocks MPA. No issues were raised. 4.4-Objectives for The following objectives have been identified for the Oceans Act portion of the joint marine protected area. These objectives may be modified following an integrated management planning process for the joint Federal-Provincial Marine Protected Area. The objectives for the
4.5-Proposal to designate The recommendations, outlined below, reflect the outcome of a consensus-based process by the Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) regarding the management of the Over the past eighteen months, the pilot Marine Protected Area process has identified and galvanized strong support for the complementary designation of Race Rocks as a joint MPA under federal and provincial jurisdictions. The consultative process developed new, trust-based relationships between an array of stakeholders and user groups including First Nations, sports fishers, eco-tourism companies, dive charter operators, scientists, educators and environmental organizations. It also elevated expectations that federal follow-through will be expeditious. There is significant risk to these valuable relationships and stakeholders’ reputations should the designation be delayed. The following recommendations for the area’s management are presented for consideration: 4.6 a-Designation It is recommended that Race Rocks be a joint federal-provincial marine protected area, receiving a high level of protection through the complementary authorities of the Federal Oceans Act and the Provincial Ecological Reserve Act. 4.6 b-Co-operative Management It is recommended that a joint Management Committee consisting of First Nations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks be established to ensure that the planning and management of the area is co-ordinated, effective and efficient and that Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks, as the lead public agencies, are publicly accountable for achieving the area’s goals and objectives. 4.6 c-Name It is recommended that the Marine Protected Area be named 4.7-Area Boundaries It is recommended that the boundary for
4.8-Federal Oceans Act Designation This proposal:
On this basis, it is recommended that An appropriate IUCN Management Category will be applied to the
4.8-Management Intentions Managing human use and impacts are the principal issues for In recognition of the historical significance of the area to First Nations, shared management of the Rather than develop a new regulatory framework for protection and conservation, existing regulatory mechanisms will be applied where necessary to support management objectives. There are strong indications that a voluntary compliance and stewardship program will achieve many of the resource protection goals and objectives, it is recognized, however, that some management objectives will require regulatory authority in order to be achieved. Principal stakeholder groups have expressed a keen interest in not only developing “best practices” but also working towards ensuring a high degree of compliance.
The recommended milestones and timing for designation appear below:
4.9-Post Designation Following the designation, the Federal-Provincial Management Committee referred to in Section 4.6 b will work with key stakeholders on the development and implementation of management policies and practices for
List of Appendices: Appendix I–Canada/BC Marine Protected Area Strategy MPA Criteria Appendix II –IUCN Management Categories for Protected Areas Appendix III –Assessment of known conservation (Table 1) and socio-economic values (Table 2) in Race Rocks Marine Protected Area according to the IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas. Appendix IV–Consultative Process Public consultations Appendix V–Guiding Principles for Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area Appendix VI–Maps Appendix VII–Bibliography
APPENDIX I
Canada/BC Marine Protected Area Strategy MPA Criteria
APPENDIX II
IUCN Management Categories for Protected Areas Management Categories The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has been actively involved in the process for the establishment of marine protected areas since first promulgating guidelines in 1991. Through the efforts of the IUCN, governments and communities around the world have been spurred to conservation and protection initiatives that have, in effect, been harmonised by the development of an international context within which to operate. Dependent upon their objectives, the IUCN (’94) has provided six categories for all protected areas including marine protected areas: Category I-Protected area managed mainly for science or –specific natural features (Natural monument); Category IV-Protected area managed mainly for conservation Category V-Protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape –conservation and recreation (Protected Landscape/Seascape); and Category VI-Protected area managed mainly for sustainable use of Given the uniqueness, diversity and size of the proposed Race Rocks Marine Protected area, the highest level of protection will be required – IUCN Category I Protected Area. Based on the results of previous consultations, it is anticipated that relevant stakeholders and partners will support this approach. Appendix III Table 1 Assessment of known conservation values in
TABLE 2 Assessment of socio-economic values in the
Appendix IV Consultative Process Consultative Framework The pilot process for the establishment of a Marine Protected Area at First Nations: Engaging First Nations in the consideration of Race Rocks as a pilot MPA has been a priority. Initial discussions with T’souke and Beecher Bay First Nations revealed both common interests and issues requiring resolution. From a First Nation’s perspective, the Race Rocks area has cultural significance with respect to traditional use and management of the area’s resources. There is recognition that, should a Marine Protected Area be established, it will not infringe on First Nations’ existing Treaty rights, traditional, food, ceremonial interests or relationship with the area. Further, a significant opportunity has developed for cooperative management and First Nation’s educational opportunities. The Race Rocks Advisory Board included representation from the Coast Salish Sea Council. Active participation from First Nations ensured effective communications with local Bands and those in neighbouring Washington State U.S.A. Several events highlighted the First Nations’ participation. A “Thirteen Moon” seminar was conducted in December “which demonstrated the lunar cycle’s influence on traditional First Nations’ life and relationship to the ecosystem”. On March 9, 2000 the members of the Race Rocks Advisory Board were honoured to be invited by the Beecher Bay Band to a “Burning Ceremony” near Race Rocks. This event is highly spiritual and provides an offering to ancestors. It was a rare privilege to be invited to participate in such a ceremony and it provided a very meaningful opportunity to build relationships. More recently, First Nations’ elders and youth are visiting
The Race Rocks Advisory Board members expressed appreciation for the opportunity to develop a fuller understanding of First Nations’ relationship with marine ecosystems. Through this process it became apparent that there was First Nations’ support for the creation of Marine Protected Areas such as
Stakeholder Consultations Extensive consultations were conducted to determine interests, issues and support for the creation of a Marine Protected Area at Race Rocks. With most groups support was readily apparent and strong. A small minority of stakeholder groups expressed concerns and interests that were resolved. Issues regarding recreational fishing and eco-tourism interests required more detailed and protracted discussion. Public Consultations In addition to sector consultations with stakeholders, two public sessions were conducted in February 2000. The public consultations were held to ensure the widest range of information and discussion with those persons potentially not represented by particular interest groups.
APPENDIX V The following Guiding Principles for Marine Protected Area development have been adapted, in co-operation with BC Parks, from the draft Marine Protected Areas – A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast 1998 – Guiding Principles for MPA Development.
Guiding Principles for the Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area Working Together: The full realization of Race Rocks as both and ER and MPA is dependent on the combined authorities of Canada and British Columbia, as well as the ongoing coordination of management actions by a range of federal and provincial agencies, non-government organizations and volunteers. DFO and BC Parks, representing Canada and British Columbia, will together provide the leadership that fosters this coordination, cooperation and partnership. Learning by Doing: The outcomes and recommendations for management were based on stakeholders working together to develop the best solutions for a new initiative. Flexibility and adaptability will be required to meet the needs of all interests. Respect First Nations and the Treaty Process: Canada and British Columbia consider First Nations’ support and participation in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve and Marine Protected Area planning and management processes as essential. First Nations will be actively involved in all planning and management processes. The establishment of this MPA will not preclude options for settlement of treaties. Managing for Sustainability: All resources within the Marine Protected Area require protection and conservation and must be managed for the benefit of future generations, with the emphasis on maintaining viable populations of all species and conserving a functioning ecosystem. Precautionary approach: All management actions, including the regulation of appropriate uses, will be based on the precautionary approach. The precautionary approach means, “erring on the side of caution.” This principle puts the burden of proof on anyone conducting activities within Race Rocks MPA to demonstrate that there will be no damage to the marine ecosystem from the proposed activity. Adaptive Planning and Management: The values protected within Race Rocks MPA will be subject to external influences and change over time. As such, the management direction and actions for the MPA component of the Race Rocks area will be adaptive and responsive to the changing environmental, social and economic conditions.
Fostering Ecosystem-Based Management: An ecosystem-based approach will be used to manage Race Rocks MPA. This means that management respects the integrity of the natural ecosystem and its key components structure and functions. This approach means that certain human activities will be managed in order to protect the natural environment. Fostering Stewardship: Governments, stakeholders and local communities all play an equally important role in sustaining the activities, lifestyles, economics and health of the Race Rocks marine environment. Opportunities to actively involve others outside of Government in the stewarding of the Race Rocks area will be a foundation for the successful protection of the Race Rocks environment. Open, Informed and Inclusive Decision-Making: Effective protection of Race Rocks’ values, as well as trust-based stewardship depends on open, transparent and informed decision-making. The management direction will be both inclusive of all interests and supported, to the greatest extent possible, by all affected organizations and individuals. Appendix V1 MAPS
Appendix VII Bibliography
BC Parks (1999). The Management Plan for the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve –Draft. Unpublished. 26pp. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (1999). National Framework for Establishing and Managing Marine Protected Areas. 25pp Fletcher, G. (1999). The Race Rocks Ecological Overview. Governments of Canada and British Columbia (1998). Marine Protected Areas – A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast. 28pp. Kelleher, G. & A. Phillips (eds.) (1999). Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. World Commission on Protected Areas of IUCN – The World Conservation Union. 28 pp. Murgatroyd, L. (1999). Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities in Canada’s Marine Protected Areas: the Pilot Project at Race Rocks British Columbia. Dalhousie University graduate thesis. Pakenham, M. (ed.) (2000). Race Rocks Advisory Board Management Recommendations for Pakenham, M. & K. Francis. (eds.) (2000). Regulatory Impact Assessment Statement – regulations to Designate Pakenham, M. & K. Francis. (eds.) (2000). Proposal to Designate |
NR-PR-00-120E |
September 14, 2000 |
VICTORIA, BC – Herb Dhaliwal, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans and Member of Parliament for Vancouver-South Burnaby and Joan Sawicki, Minister of Environment, Lands and Parks announced today their endorsement of the Race Rocks Advisory Board’s recommendation that Race Rocks become Canada’s first Marine Protected Area (MPA) under the Ocean’s Act.
Race Rocks was declared a candidate Marine Protected Area in September, 1998. An MPA is an area of the ocean that is designated for special protection under the Oceans Act. The goals of an MPA are to protect and conserve the natural beauty and richness of Canada’s marine areas, retain ecological diversity, provide scientific research and educational opportunities and preserve the many recreational and cultural features of the oceans.
“I am very pleased and proud that Race Rocks has been put forward for designation as an MPA under the authority of the Oceans Act,” said Mr. Dhaliwal. “Today represents the culmination of an outstanding community-driven process which saw First Nations, BC Parks and Fisheries and Oceans Canada working collaboratively with the local community to achieve a common vision for this special place called XwaYeN.”
“Race Rocks is an international treasure,” said Minister Sawicki. “Today’s announcement will further promote and strengthen the stewardship of this extraordinary place. Together, the federal and provincial marine protected areas designations will help to protect the marine life that makes Race Rocks so unique.”
In 1980, the Province of British Columbia recognized the natural values of the Race Rocks area by designating it as an ecological reserve under their Ecological Reserves Act. This authority provides for protection and conservation over the terrestrial (nine islets) and the ocean bottom (to a depth of 20 fathoms). Designation of Race Rocks or XwaYeN (pronounced shwai’yen) as an MPA will further protect marine species and their habitat found within the boundaries of the existing ecological reserve. The marine ecosystem within this area is known for its exceptional diversity which is of importance to commercial and recreational fisheries in adjacent areas. It also protects critical habitat for threatened Northern abalone.
The MPA designation will also serve to protect the natural beauty of the area and provide scientific and educational opportunities for researchers and students. Lester B. Pearson College, the primary advocate for originally securing Race Rocks as an Ecological Reserve, operates the lightstation facility as a research and education centre in cooperation with BC Parks and Fisheries and Oceans/Canadian Coast Guard.
“The First Nations people have long recognized the importance of the ocean and particular significance of XwaYeN,” said Tom Sampson of the Coast Salish Sea Council. “The creation of this first Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act is a positive step toward creating mutual understanding of our cultural values. It will have an impact on not only the living marine resources and their environment but on Canadians and, most importantly, their children.”
“Protection of the rich marine waters at XwaYeN (Race Rocks) is an important step towards establishing a system of marine protected areas in Canada,” said Sabine Jessen, Conservation Director for the BC Chapter of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. “The community and government collaboration at XwaYeN is a model for future MPAs. The conservation community is committed to continuing our efforts to protect other ecologically important marine habitats on all of Canada’s coasts.”
“The whale watching and eco-tourism industry is proud to be an integral participant in the MPA process and is extremely pleased that this ecological marine environment will now receive additional protection,” said Dan Kukat, Vice President of the Whale Watch Operators Association (North West) and Sport Fish Advisory Board Member (Victoria Chapter). “The recreational and sport fishing community is pleased to provide continued support in the conservation of marine species.”
“The development of this comprehensive package for Race Rocks has been achieved through the complementary use of the powers of the Oceans Act and of the provincial Ecological Reserves Act, as well as the key role played by the community,” stated Ministers Dhaliwal and Sawicki. “This is an excellent demonstration of Canada’s new management approach towards oceans and their resources.”
Named for its strong tidal currents and rocky reefs, Race Rocks is a showcase for Pacific marine life, featuring whales, sea lions, seals, birds and a wide array of underwater plants and animals. Race Rocks is located 17 kilometres southwest of Victoria at the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and is the most southerly part of Canada’s Pacific coast. One of its nine islets is the site of Race Rocks Lightstation, the second oldest lighthouse in Western Canada.
For a virtual tour of Race Rocks anytime, visit https://www.racerocks.ca
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Backgrounders:
Race Rocks – A Success Story for Community and Stakeholder Involvement
(originally at: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/bckgrnd/2000/bg0032e.htm)
(originally at http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/Statement/2000/st0002e.htm)
September 14, 2000
For information:
| Kelly Francis Fisheries and Oceans Canada (250) 616-9143 |
Alex Dubrowski Environment, Lands and Parks (250) 387-9423 |
Tom Sampson Coast Salish First Nations (250) 652-3889 |
| Sabine Jessen, Conservation Director Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society-BC (604) 685-7445 office (604) 657-2813 cell |
Dan Kukat, Vice President Whale Watch Operators Sport Fish Advisory Board (250) 386-6016 |
Angus Mathews, Director Administration & Operations Lester B. Pearson College (250) 391-2406 |
NOTE: THIS WEB PAGE HAS BEEN COPIED TO OUR SITE TO PRESERVE IT FOR ARCHIVE PURPOSES. (.It appeared originally at:: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/p-releas/2000/nr00120e.htm)
BG-PR-00-32E Fisheries and Oceans Canada News Release |
September 14, 2000 |
RACE ROCKS ñ XwaYeN
A Success Story for Community and Stakeholder Involvement
Located at the eastern entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait, Race Rocks or XwaYeN (pronounced shwai’yen) is an ecologically unique, small and rocky island system with high current subtidal and intertidal areas. The waters surrounding the Race Rocks area support significant biodiversity and biological productivity ñ a thriving community of marine mammals and birds, subtidal invertebrates, fish, and nutrient-rich kelp forests. Race Rocks was declared a candidate Marine Protected Area in September, 1998. To assist Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in working toward the formal designation of Race Rocks (XwaYeN) MPA, a multi-stakeholder Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) was established in 1999. Together, they began a process to develop Canadaís first Marine Protected Area (MPA).
While the current Ecological Reserve provides substantial protection of the natural and cultural heritage and values of the land and seabed, it does not have jurisdiction over the conservation and protection of the water column or for the living marine resources inhabiting the coastal waters surrounding Race Rocks. Implementing a Marine Protected Area will provide for a more comprehensive level of conservation and protection for the ecosystem than can be achieved by either an MPA or an Ecological Reserve on its own. Designating an MPA within the area corresponding to the Ecological Reserve will facilitate the integration and increase the synergy of conservation, protection and management initiatives under the respective authorities of the provincial and federal governments.
The Oceans Act provides for the development and implementation of plans for the integrated management of all activities with other agencies of the Government of Canada, with provincial governments and with affected Aboriginal organizations and coastal communities for the purposes of conservation and protection of Canadaís oceans.
Integrating the management of the terrestrial and marine components of the Race Rocks ecosystem requires a facilitated, coordinated, effective and efficient management of the area. A consensus-based approach proved to be the preferred method throughout the comprehensive consultation process. Candidate activities for cooperative management include marine mammal watching, guided diving, research and education, ballast water management as well as Department of National Defence programs conducted in the area.
The consultative process has identified and galvanized strong support for designation of Race Rocks as an MPA. This process has developed new trust-based relationships. The declaration of the MPA will maintain the level of positive momentum and stakeholder confidence that has now been established.
To facilitate the consultative process, the RRAB was established with representation from:
The role of the Race Rocks Advisory Board role was to:
In addition to sectoral consultations with stakeholders, two public sessions were conducted in February 2000. The public consultations were held to provide opportunities for information and discussion with those persons not represented by particular interest groups. With an attendance of 101 persons, the consultations provided useful fora for the discussion of both the MPA and Ecological Reserve aspects of the initiative. Results of these discussions indicated a high level of support for establishment of a Marine Protected Area at Race Rocks to complement the areaís Ecological Reserve status.
Management recommendations submitted to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks reflect the outcome of a consensus-based process by the Race Rocks Advisory Board and directions expressed by the public, stakeholders and other partners through consultations conducted over a two-year period. In recognition of the cultural and historical significance of the area, Race Rocks (XwaYeN) will be managed cooperatively by First Nations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in consultation with the RRAB.
The Race Rocks Advisory Board provided an excellent forum for issue identification, discussion and resolution. It has functioned well and guided the development of the proposed cooperative management regime. The resulting commitment to stewardship and cooperation in the protection of this area as an MPA has laid the groundwork for a management regime through voluntary compliance that is unprecedented.
Principal stakeholder groups participating on the RRAB have expressed a keen interest in not only developing “best practices” but also working towards ensuring a high degree of compliance. The development of stewardship initiatives and “best practices” guidelines has already commenced. Overall management will be achieved through a combination of regulatory actions and voluntary compliance guidelines for a number of activities and issues, such as recreational boating, diving practices, whale watching, education and research. Monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of these guidelines will take place over a two-year period. Depending on the results, activity regulations can then be considered if necessary.
Canada’s Ocean’s Minister Herb Dhaliwal and British Columbia’s Environment Minister Joan Sawicki join students and faculty of Lester Pearson College in a tour of Canada’s first Marine Protected Area on the morning of September 14th, 2000.
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Text of the speech given by the Honourable Herb Dahliwell Minister of Fisheries and Oceans-
Race Rocks is officially declared a Marine Protected Area by Canada’s Ocean’s Minister Herb Dhaliwal and British Columbia’s Environment Minister Joan Sawicki.
Also see the MPA day File.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada – News Release
BG-PR-00-32E |
September 14, 2000 |
RACE ROCKS ñ XwaYeN
A Success Story for Community and Stakeholder Involvement
Located at the eastern entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait, Race Rocks or XwaYeN (pronounced shwai’yen) is an ecologically unique, small and rocky island system with high current subtidal and intertidal areas. The waters surrounding the Race Rocks area support significant biodiversity and biological productivity ñ a thriving community of marine mammals and birds, subtidal invertebrates, fish, and nutrient-rich kelp forests. Race Rocks was declared a candidate Marine Protected Area in September, 1998. To assist Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in working toward the formal designation of Race Rocks (XwaYeN) MPA, a multi-stakeholder Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) was established in 1999. Together, they began a process to develop Canadaís first Marine Protected Area (MPA).
While the current Ecological Reserve provides substantial protection of the natural and cultural heritage and values of the land and seabed, it does not have jurisdiction over the conservation and protection of the water column or for the living marine resources inhabiting the coastal waters surrounding Race Rocks. Implementing a Marine Protected Area will provide for a more comprehensive level of conservation and protection for the ecosystem than can be achieved by either an MPA or an Ecological Reserve on its own. Designating an MPA within the area corresponding to the Ecological Reserve will facilitate the integration and increase the synergy of conservation, protection and management initiatives under the respective authorities of the provincial and federal governments.
The Oceans Act provides for the development and implementation of plans for the integrated management of all activities with other agencies of the Government of Canada, with provincial governments and with affected Aboriginal organizations and coastal communities for the purposes of conservation and protection of Canadaís oceans.
Integrating the management of the terrestrial and marine components of the Race Rocks ecosystem requires a facilitated, coordinated, effective and efficient management of the area. A consensus-based approach proved to be the preferred method throughout the comprehensive consultation process. Candidate activities for cooperative management include marine mammal watching, guided diving, research and education, ballast water management as well as Department of National Defence programs conducted in the area.
The consultative process has identified and galvanized strong support for designation of Race Rocks as an MPA. This process has developed new trust-based relationships. The declaration of the MPA will maintain the level of positive momentum and stakeholder confidence that has now been established.
To facilitate the consultative process, the RRAB was established with representation from:
The role of the Race Rocks Advisory Board role was to:
In addition to sectoral consultations with stakeholders, two public sessions were conducted in February 2000. The public consultations were held to provide opportunities for information and discussion with those persons not represented by particular interest groups. With an attendance of 101 persons, the consultations provided useful fora for the discussion of both the MPA and Ecological Reserve aspects of the initiative. Results of these discussions indicated a high level of support for establishment of a Marine Protected Area at Race Rocks to complement the areaís Ecological Reserve status.
Management recommendations submitted to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks reflect the outcome of a consensus-based process by the Race Rocks Advisory Board and directions expressed by the public, stakeholders and other partners through consultations conducted over a two-year period. In recognition of the cultural and historical significance of the area, Race Rocks (XwaYeN) will be managed cooperatively by First Nations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in consultation with the RRAB.
The Race Rocks Advisory Board provided an excellent forum for issue identification, discussion and resolution. It has functioned well and guided the development of the proposed cooperative management regime. The resulting commitment to stewardship and cooperation in the protection of this area as an MPA has laid the groundwork for a management regime through voluntary compliance that is unprecedented.
Principal stakeholder groups participating on the RRAB have expressed a keen interest in not only developing “best practices” but also working towards ensuring a high degree of compliance. The development of stewardship initiatives and “best practices” guidelines has already commenced. Overall management will be achieved through a combination of regulatory actions and voluntary compliance guidelines for a number of activities and issues, such as recreational boating, diving practices, whale watching, education and research. Monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of these guidelines will take place over a two-year period. Depending on the results, activity regulations can then be considered if necessary.
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(Race Rocks) Marine Protected Area according to the IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas.
