Race Rocks is officially declared a Marine Protected Area by Canada’s Ocean’s Minister Herb Dhaliwal and British Columbia’s Environment Minister Joan Sawicki.
Also see the MPA day File.
Category Archives: Admin
RACE ROCKS XwaYeN -A Success Story for Community and Stakeholder Involvement
Fisheries and Oceans Canada – News Release
BG-PR-00-32E |
September 14, 2000 |
RACE ROCKS ñ XwaYeN
A Success Story for Community and Stakeholder Involvement
Located at the eastern entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait, Race Rocks or XwaYeN (pronounced shwai’yen) is an ecologically unique, small and rocky island system with high current subtidal and intertidal areas. The waters surrounding the Race Rocks area support significant biodiversity and biological productivity ñ a thriving community of marine mammals and birds, subtidal invertebrates, fish, and nutrient-rich kelp forests. Race Rocks was declared a candidate Marine Protected Area in September, 1998. To assist Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in working toward the formal designation of Race Rocks (XwaYeN) MPA, a multi-stakeholder Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) was established in 1999. Together, they began a process to develop Canadaís first Marine Protected Area (MPA).
While the current Ecological Reserve provides substantial protection of the natural and cultural heritage and values of the land and seabed, it does not have jurisdiction over the conservation and protection of the water column or for the living marine resources inhabiting the coastal waters surrounding Race Rocks. Implementing a Marine Protected Area will provide for a more comprehensive level of conservation and protection for the ecosystem than can be achieved by either an MPA or an Ecological Reserve on its own. Designating an MPA within the area corresponding to the Ecological Reserve will facilitate the integration and increase the synergy of conservation, protection and management initiatives under the respective authorities of the provincial and federal governments.
The Oceans Act provides for the development and implementation of plans for the integrated management of all activities with other agencies of the Government of Canada, with provincial governments and with affected Aboriginal organizations and coastal communities for the purposes of conservation and protection of Canadaís oceans.
Integrating the management of the terrestrial and marine components of the Race Rocks ecosystem requires a facilitated, coordinated, effective and efficient management of the area. A consensus-based approach proved to be the preferred method throughout the comprehensive consultation process. Candidate activities for cooperative management include marine mammal watching, guided diving, research and education, ballast water management as well as Department of National Defence programs conducted in the area.
The consultative process has identified and galvanized strong support for designation of Race Rocks as an MPA. This process has developed new trust-based relationships. The declaration of the MPA will maintain the level of positive momentum and stakeholder confidence that has now been established.
To facilitate the consultative process, the RRAB was established with representation from:
- B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Aboriginal groups through the Coast Salish Sea Council
- Parks Canada
- Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific
- Department of National Defence
- the Scientific community
- the Friends of Ecological Reserves
- the Dive community
- the Georgia Strait Alliance
- Sport Fish Advisory Board ñ Victoria representing the recreational fishing community
- local marina operators
- Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, and
- The Northwest Whale Watchers Association ñ Victoria
The role of the Race Rocks Advisory Board role was to:
- represent key constituent groups or stakeholders;
- provide advice to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks on the consultation process;
- collate and analyze feedback from consultations;
- make consensus-based recommendations to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks for the establishment of a marine protected area in the waters surrounding Race Rocks; and
- ensure community involvement in the establishment and on-going management of Race Rocks MPA.
In addition to sectoral consultations with stakeholders, two public sessions were conducted in February 2000. The public consultations were held to provide opportunities for information and discussion with those persons not represented by particular interest groups. With an attendance of 101 persons, the consultations provided useful fora for the discussion of both the MPA and Ecological Reserve aspects of the initiative. Results of these discussions indicated a high level of support for establishment of a Marine Protected Area at Race Rocks to complement the areaís Ecological Reserve status.
Management recommendations submitted to Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks reflect the outcome of a consensus-based process by the Race Rocks Advisory Board and directions expressed by the public, stakeholders and other partners through consultations conducted over a two-year period. In recognition of the cultural and historical significance of the area, Race Rocks (XwaYeN) will be managed cooperatively by First Nations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks in consultation with the RRAB.
The Race Rocks Advisory Board provided an excellent forum for issue identification, discussion and resolution. It has functioned well and guided the development of the proposed cooperative management regime. The resulting commitment to stewardship and cooperation in the protection of this area as an MPA has laid the groundwork for a management regime through voluntary compliance that is unprecedented.
Principal stakeholder groups participating on the RRAB have expressed a keen interest in not only developing “best practices” but also working towards ensuring a high degree of compliance. The development of stewardship initiatives and “best practices” guidelines has already commenced. Overall management will be achieved through a combination of regulatory actions and voluntary compliance guidelines for a number of activities and issues, such as recreational boating, diving practices, whale watching, education and research. Monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of these guidelines will take place over a two-year period. Depending on the results, activity regulations can then be considered if necessary.
Joint Federal and Provincial Government News Release of Dhaliwal and Sawicki Endorse Race Rocks as Canada’s First Marine Protected Area.
NR-PR-00-120E |
September 14, 2000 |
CANADA’S FIRST MARINE PROTECTED AREA
Race Rocks was declared a candidate Marine Protected Area in September, 1998. An MPA is an area of the ocean that is designated for special protection under the Oceans Act. The goals of an MPA are to protect and conserve the natural beauty and richness of Canada’s marine areas, retain ecological diversity, provide scientific research and educational opportunities and preserve the many recreational and cultural features of the oceans.
“I am very pleased and proud that Race Rocks has been put forward for designation as an MPA under the authority of the Oceans Act,” said Mr. Dhaliwal. “Today represents the culmination of an outstanding community-driven process which saw First Nations, BC Parks and Fisheries and Oceans Canada working collaboratively with the local community to achieve a common vision for this special place called XwaYeN.”
“Race Rocks is an international treasure,” said Minister Sawicki. “Today’s announcement will further promote and strengthen the stewardship of this extraordinary place. Together, the federal and provincial marine protected areas designations will help to protect the marine life that makes Race Rocks so unique.”
In 1980, the Province of British Columbia recognized the natural values of the Race Rocks area by designating it as an ecological reserve under their Ecological Reserves Act. This authority provides for protection and conservation over the terrestrial (nine islets) and the ocean bottom (to a depth of 20 fathoms). Designation of Race Rocks or XwaYeN (pronounced shwai’yen) as an MPA will further protect marine species and their habitat found within the boundaries of the existing ecological reserve. The marine ecosystem within this area is known for its exceptional diversity which is of importance to commercial and recreational fisheries in adjacent areas. It also protects critical habitat for threatened Northern abalone.
The MPA designation will also serve to protect the natural beauty of the area and provide scientific and educational opportunities for researchers and students. Lester B. Pearson College, the primary advocate for originally securing Race Rocks as an Ecological Reserve, operates the lightstation facility as a research and education centre in cooperation with BC Parks and Fisheries and Oceans/Canadian Coast Guard.
“The First Nations people have long recognized the importance of the ocean and particular significance of XwaYeN,” said Tom Sampson of the Coast Salish Sea Council. “The creation of this first Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act is a positive step toward creating mutual understanding of our cultural values. It will have an impact on not only the living marine resources and their environment but on Canadians and, most importantly, their children.”
“Protection of the rich marine waters at XwaYeN (Race Rocks) is an important step towards establishing a system of marine protected areas in Canada,” said Sabine Jessen, Conservation Director for the BC Chapter of the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. “The community and government collaboration at XwaYeN is a model for future MPAs. The conservation community is committed to continuing our efforts to protect other ecologically important marine habitats on all of Canada’s coasts.”
“The whale watching and eco-tourism industry is proud to be an integral participant in the MPA process and is extremely pleased that this ecological marine environment will now receive additional protection,” said Dan Kukat, Vice President of the Whale Watch Operators Association (North West) and Sport Fish Advisory Board Member (Victoria Chapter). “The recreational and sport fishing community is pleased to provide continued support in the conservation of marine species.”
“The development of this comprehensive package for Race Rocks has been achieved through the complementary use of the powers of the Oceans Act and of the provincial Ecological Reserves Act, as well as the key role played by the community,” stated Ministers Dhaliwal and Sawicki. “This is an excellent demonstration of Canada’s new management approach towards oceans and their resources.”
Named for its strong tidal currents and rocky reefs, Race Rocks is a showcase for Pacific marine life, featuring whales, sea lions, seals, birds and a wide array of underwater plants and animals. Race Rocks is located 17 kilometres southwest of Victoria at the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and is the most southerly part of Canada’s Pacific coast. One of its nine islets is the site of Race Rocks Lightstation, the second oldest lighthouse in Western Canada.
For a virtual tour of Race Rocks anytime, visit http://ww.racerocks.ca
Backgrounders:
RACE ROCKS – A SUCCESS STORY FOR COMMUNITY AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
(originally at: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/bckgrnd/2000/bg0032e.htm)
(originally at http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/Statement/2000/st0002e.htm)
September 14, 2000
For information:
| Kelly Francis Fisheries and Oceans Canada (250) 616-9143 |
Alex Dubrowski Environment, Lands and Parks (250) 387-9423 |
Tom Sampson Coast Salish First Nations (250) 652-3889 |
| Sabine Jessen, Conservation Director Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society-BC (604) 685-7445 office (604) 657-2813 cell |
Dan Kukat, Vice President Whale Watch Operators Sport Fish Advisory Board (250) 386-6016 |
Angus Mathews, Director Administration & Operations Lester B. Pearson College (250) 391-2406 |
NOTE: THIS WEB PAGE HAS BEEN COPIED TO OUR SITE TO PRESERVE IT FOR ARCHIVE PURPOSES. (.It appeared originally at:: http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/p-releas/2000/nr00120e.htm)
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Turbulence and Mixing Estimates Using a Towed Horizontal microstructure Profiler
Paul Macoun: Turbulence and Mixing Estimates Using a Towed Horizontal microstructure Profiler
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- On August 17, 2000, the CCG vessel Vector made a stop at Race Rocks to conduct research experiments with a focus on understanding mixing processes in the area
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- The Race Rocks Marine Protected Area viewed from the South. Rocky Point and the Metchosin hills appear in the background on the North side.Turbulent surface water in foreground.
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- On board was the Ocean Turbulence Lab’s (OTL) Towed Ocean Microstructure Instrument (TOMI). TOMI gives incite into the mixing processes that redistribute heat, salt and energy in the ocean
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- TOMI was towed west of Race Rocks on the ebb tide and east of it on the flood tide . In these areas impressive surface eddies, upwellings and convergence zones were seen.
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- TOMI supports an array of oceanographic sensors. The nose houses airfoil shear probes, thermistors, and conductivity and temperature sensors.
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- Other data collected in the Race Rocks area were vertical profiles of the water column. Temperature, conductivity and relevant depth were recorded using a CTD.
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- A former Lester B. Pearson College student Paul Macoun, (PC yr15) who is now studying oceanography at the University of Victoria, was aboard the expedition as part of a team of scientists doing oceanographic research. He provided these photos and some preliminary observations
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- During both tides, significant levels of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy were measured. This energy eventually turns, through the cascade of big eddies to smaller and smaller scales, into heat through friction. This vigorous cascade allows for thorough mixing and a measurable re-distribution of scalars such as heat, salt and momentum.
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- Upwelling forms on the surface
Turbulence and mixing estimates using a towed horizontal microstructure profiler.
Paul Macoun
The Ocean Turbulence Laboratory
University of Victoria
The Purpose
Mixing is the key element in the redistribution of salt, heat and energy in the ocean. Understanding the mechanisms and magnitude of turbulence and other mixing processes is crucial to the improvement of models that predict oceanic and atmospheric change. Our elusive goal is the parameterization of the vertical fluxes of salt and heat based upon the physics of oceanic mixing processes.
The horizontal profiler TOMI (Towed Ocean Microstructure Instrument) is used to make simultaneous measurements of temperature, conductivity, vertical velocity, and their fluctuations. The measurement of vertical velocity provides a means of estimating the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. The respective products of instantaneous velocity and temperature, and that of velocity and conductivity, provide a direct measure of the vertical fluxes of heat and salt.
Simultaneous vertical profiles of current and its shear from a ship mounted ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) provide a means to relate the measured fluxes to the Froude Number and the Buoyancy Reynolds Number over a wide range of these parameters. The efficiency of mixing, the ratio of buoyancy-to-kinetic energy production, reaches 0.5 in near coastal regions and is generally much larger than the value of 0.2 assumed to apply to the open ocean.
This analysis is to be the first task to undertake with respect to the data set collected at Race Rocks on August 17th, 2000. At present, the processing is at a preliminary stage.
The Instrument
TOMI is a towed oceanographic vehicle designed to measure turbulence in both shallow and deep water. TOMI can support a multitude of instruments, from sonar to underwater cameras. Its primary oceanographic and electronic sensors are as follows:
1) Four airfoil shear probes and two fast-response thermistors on the nose.
2) A seabird temperature and conductivity sensor adjacent to the nose probes.
3) A seabird temperature and conductivity sensor, and a flowmeter, on the upper mast.
4) A seabird temperature and conductivity sensor, and a flowmeter, on the lower mast.
5) A pressure sensor mounted mid-body, internally.
6) An inertial motion sensor package, internal.
The sample rates for these instruments vary from 64 samples per second up to 512 samples per second. The airfoil shear probe is a unique instrument that measures the cross-stream component of velocity. The force generated by cross-stream flow bends a tiny ceramic bi-morph beam, which generates a voltage that is amplified and recorded. The motion sensor contains accelerometers and gyros. Its presence is required because of low frequency body motion contamination that finds its way into the shear probe signals. By having a record of the vehicle’s behaviour, the probe signals can be decontaminated through processing.
(Photos to be added)
Return to P. Macoun- Oceanographic Research
RRAB Meeting June 22, 2000
Participants: Cheryl Borris – Friends of Ecological Reserves
Regrets: Doug Biffard – BC Parks
Observers:Sean MacConnachie – Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Roundtable introductions
DISCUSSION
- Marc Pakenham introduced Chief Jack and his wife Cora. Chief Jack , thanked the Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) for the invitation, and discussed his hope that one day he would see things returned to the way that they used to be. He talked about the importance of having First Nations working with governments together as a team. He emphasized the importance of the work the people sitting at the table were doing and the difference they were aking. Chief Jack presented Dick Carson with a Coast Salish T-shirt, as a symbol of working together.
- Kelly Francis thanked everyone for coming and introduced Dick Carson Regional Director of Oceans –Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Ron Kadowaki, Area Director South Coast– Fisheries and Oceans Canada; and Peter Taylor Director of Marine Protected Areas – Environment Australia.
- Dick Carson thanked the RRAB for their hard efforts to-ate and re-iterated the significance of the work that they had done on the Race Rocks proposal. He updated the RRAB on the progress made by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in moving the proposal forward internally and having regulations completed. He indicated that the Minister is aware of the progress and is looking forward to making an announcement. He highlighted the importance of the collaboration between RRAB members, the Province and the Government of Canada and noted that throughout his experience with Fsheries and Oceans on the coast he has never seen a group reach agreement on common goals in the way that the RRAB has.
- Dick Carson mentioned the Pacific MPA Strategy and its timeline for completion and sign-off. He indicated that he hopes to include First Nations in the announcement with the provincial Minister of Environment, Lands and Parks and Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
- Ron Kadowaki thanked the RRAB for their hard work. He indicated that he was very encouraged and excited about the process and dedication shown by members of the RRAB. In his experience the department has worked in a reactive manner, but in this regard the department is working in a co-operative/pro-active manner. He described his role and responsibility in terms of area management and his hope to make things better in the future.
- Kelly Francis distributed draft-proposal and explained the content and process on moving the project orward.
- Gordon Hanson thanked Marc Pakenham on behalf of Tom Sampson for all his hard work and inclusion of First Nations in the process. He suggested that First Nations’ participation is predicated on treaty and First Nations rights and that it is very important that First Nations’ role in management is not lost. This process is viewed as a model for future MPAs including for governance and partnership. First Nations will want to know that the “three-legged stol” model of management will be used.
- Dick Carson posed a formal request to use the traditional First Nations name for Race Rocks. His view is that these processes cannot move forward without working together. He re-iterated the apology that was made at the initial announcement and recognized the need to work with First Nations.
- Howard Breen stated that it was tragic that we had not reached closure on this issue. He expressed serious conerns that if timeline is not kept, and election is called this process and the energy put into it will be lost. He also suggested that it would be difficult to maintain consensus amongst constituents if an announcement does not come soon. He indicated that he was disappointed that there was not announcement on Oceans Day and believes that there could be a ministerial announcement at the Minister’s discretion. He expressed his disappointment that the rest of Fisheries and Oceans Canada is not keeping th timetable set out by the Oceans Directorate and delivered by the RRAB.
- Angus Matthews indicated that the new fiscal year for Pearson College starts in ten days, and the budget for Race Rocks is $0. He recognized that the actual management of a MPA lies within the community and the model of having First Nations in the process is absolutely key. Having the involvement of First Nations covered before an announcement is critical. He recognized that regulations are required but he common sense practices of the day-to-day uses of the MPA have to be taken in to consideration. He expressed his concern that within government the three-legged stool model will not be recognized within official process.
- Howard Breen indicated that if the delay is to ensure that First Nations are included in the management structure, the Georgia Strait Alliance is supportive.
- Dick Carson indicated that regardless of the date of announcement he needs to have the confidence that First Nations support the process and hopes for a shared announcement with Province, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and First Nations. In terms of timing management is very aware of pressures and is committed to moving this proposal forward as is the Minister. He suggested that the RRAB could submit something officially to hasten the process.
- Gordon Hanson indicated that under section of 4.8 of the proposal, Management Intentions, Fist Nations have not been included. This process has received buy-in from First Nations because of recognition of importance of First Nations in management and governance. He asked to have that First Nations be included in this part of the proposal. Kelly Francis and Dick Carson indicated that it would.
- Peter Taylor described his role in Australia as National MPA manager and described the work he’s been doing with Fisheries and Oceans Canada in writing this proposal. He uggested that on the international stage and the Race Rocks proposed MPA and resulting process in as an outstanding proposal. He described the need for this document to move the proposal forward through government channels and having First Nations included in this document increases this internationally importance of the project.
- Howard Breen pointed out that marine conservation communities recognize that there are more than two parties (Province and Fisheries and Oceans Canada) in terms of governance and suggested that this proposal does not follow the consensus that was achieved by the RRAB.
- Angus Matthews stated that it’s embarrassing that this draft document has been presented without First Nations included in the management intentions section. If recognition is given of the important role of First Nations, an announcement should be made as soon as possible.
- Cheryl Borris indicated her concerns.
- (The remaining minutes were not transmitted.)…
Return to RRAB Index
Archive: description of webcasting process ,June 2000
This screen capture gives an explanation of how we did the first live webcasting for a week from Race Rocks in June 2000
Webcasting from Race Rocks for the Johan Ashuvud Project week in 2000.
For two weeks in May and June of 2000, Lester Pearson College graduating students, Victor Rakou, David Mesiha and Satoshi Kimura, and in the last week, Juan Manuel Alva and Martin Kryl, joined the sea gulls and stayed at Race Rocks running daily programs on a live camera, and broadcasting directly to the web. Faculty member Garry Fletcher worked with them for the daily webcasts from the shore and from underwater. Sponsorship for this week came from the Johan Ashuvud memorial fund.
Pictures toFiollow
Building the LAN for Race Rocks ( racerocks.ca)
Digging the Trenches for cable:
At Race Rocks: This composite image was made from a set of images taken from the balcony on the tower in mid-May of 2000. The route of the conduit installed in February is barely evident in the grass areas.
At Pearson College: Behind the observatory at Lester B. Pearson College, this trench carries the cable from the antennae donated by Telus to the observatory.
Maps and compliance concerns of MPAs
Posted on May 15, 2000 –
Maps and compliance concerns
Marc Pakenham, a community advisor for Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), said the maps used to plan the Race Rocks Pilot MPA, off the nation’s west coast, have held different meanings for different people. “They’re a visualization of what’s being set aside, from one perspective, and what’s being taken away, from another perspective,” he said.
Negotiations on the boundary of the Race Rocks Pilot MPA — a no-take zone for commercial and most sport fishing — were not easy. Ironically, difficulties arose over the government’s attempt to define a relatively linear boundary line so as to ease compliance for fishermen; with a linear boundary, the government reasoned, fishermen would be able to tell more readily whether they were inside or outside the MPA. Fishermen, however, saw the linear boundary as an attempt to expand the MPA beyond the bounds of a 1980 declaration by the British Columbia provincial government that had already established Race Rocks as an “ecological reserve”. The 1980 boundary was much more amoeba-like in shape and based on inexact bathymetric data, roughly approximating a 20-fathom (36.6 meter) contour.
This proposal was not accepted by the fishermen
“The fishermen said they were willing to agree to a no-take zone following the 1980 boundary — because Race Rocks represented an important, biodiverse area — but that they wouldn’t agree to anything bigger,” said Pakenham. The government and other stakeholders agreed to this, despite the compliance challenges posed by a serpentine boundary. “The fact that the MPA is supported by the various stakeholders goes a long way toward ensuring better compliance,” said Pakenham.
Compliance is a major issue for Race Rocks due to its small size. Consisting of exposed rocks surrounded by strong currents and upwellings, the Race Rocks Pilot MPA is smaller than one square mile (2.6 sq. km) in area. If a fishing boat crosses the boundary by 100 meters, it is already well into the no-take zone. Pakenham said he counted on the recent de-scrambling of satellite signals from the US-operated global positioning system (GPS) to aid fishermen in knowing exactly when they are in the protected area. “Mapping is only as good as people’s understanding of where they are,” he said.
See this post on Proposals for: Future Modification of the boundaries of the Race Rocks MPA
A dive with Dr. Scott Wallace for the Discovery Channel,
Scott Wallace did research in 1997 and 1998 at Race Rocks with Pearson College divers. He studied the population dynamics of the Northern Abalone,Haliotis kamtchatkana
His research was done as part of a PhD thesis in Resource Management from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver :
Wallace, S. S. 1999. Fisheries Impacts on Marine Ecosystems and Biological Diversity: The role for marine protected areas in British Columbia. Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of British Columbia. Pp. 198.
In May of 2000, he returned to Race Rocks for a dive with Garry and Hana and an interview with Stephanie Paine and Director Julia Nunes for the Discovery Channel. In this video he demonstrates the measurement technique he used in his research.
Conservation Biology, Vol 13 No 4, August, 1999, pages 882-887.
ABSTRACT: :Marine reserves have been suggested as tools for assisting the management of fisheries by protecting vulnerable marine species from overexploitation. Although there is a theoretical basis for believing that marine reserves may serve as management tools, there are few marine reserves in the world in which to test their effectiveness. My research evaluated three forms of marine reserve on the south coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. I used northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), a severely depleted shellfish in this region, as an indicator of the effectiveness of the reserves. Abalone populations in eight sites receiving different degrees of spatial protection were counted and measured in situ during the spring of 1996 and 1997. In all sites with enforced harvest closures, populations of abalone were greater, and one site with nearly 40 years of protection had on average much larger (older) abalone. Reproductive output, as a function of abundance and size, was also greater in the enforced reserve areas. Larval dispersal from reserves, and hence the benefit to exploited areas, was not formally surveyed. Nevertheless, the results of my study, combined with knowledge of present abalone populations, life history, and regional hydrodynamics, suggest that establishment of reserves is justified in the absence of perfect knowledge of larval dispersal.
This video was taken by Garry Fletcher of Scott as he was involved in measuring abalone at Race Rocks:
Articles published by Scott Wallace:
Wallace, Scott, S. 1999, Evaluating the Effects of Three Forms of Marine Reserve on Northern Abalone Populations in British Columbia, Canada. Conservation Biology, Vol 13 No 4, August, 1999, pages 882-887.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind, and Almost out of Time: