Race Rocks Ecological Overview- Spreadsheet of References on Race Rocks

Posted on Thursday,November 25, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

This spreadsheet was made by Garry Fletcher as part of the Race Rocks ecological overview done for DFO . The links have not been updated since the website had to be moved from the Telus Server. The references are also housed in the bookshelf in the Marine biology lab at Pearson College. This alternate link here may be preferable here also: Most references should also be available in a google search.

**Race Rocks References**
References ID	Reference Type	Author1, Author2, Author3	year	Title	Journal, report, book title	editor	Volume	Number	page	URL	Call Number	Abstract	Comments	Links
2	Refereed Journal	Brinckmann-Voss – Anita	1996	Seasonality of Hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from an intertidal pool and adjacent subtidal habitats at Race Rocks, off Vancouver Island, Canada	Scientia Marina	.	60	1	89-97	rrrefer/Anita’s/seasonal.htm	593.55 Bri S	None available– See Comments or Links	Includes useful section on systematics, line maps of the Race Rocks Area, and species lists of hydroids from specific tidepools and subtidal areas. Complete text and diagrams included in link.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/hydroid/pub/seasonal.htm
3	Refereed Journal	Brinckmann-Voss- Anita,Lickey-D.M.,Mills-C.E.	1993	Rhysia fletcheri (Cnidaria, hydrozoa, Rhysiidae), a new species of colonial hydroid from Vancouver Island ( British Columbia, Canada) and the San Juan Archipelago ( Washington, U.S.A.)	Can.Journal of Zool.	.	71:	2	401-406	Rhysia/Rhysia.htm	593.55 Bri	A new species of colonial athecate hydroid, Rhysia fletcheri , is described from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and from Friday Harbour, Washington, U.S.A. It’s relationship to Rhysia autumnalis Brinckmann from the Mediterranean and Rhysia halecii (Hickson and Gravely) from the Antarctic and Japan is discussed. Rhysia fletcheri differs from Rhysia autumnalis and Rhysia halecii in the gastrozooid having distinctive cnidocyst clusters on its hypostome and few, thick tentacles. Most of its female gonozooids have no tentacles. Colonies of R. fletcheri are without dactylozooids. The majority of R. fletcheri colonies are found growing on large barnacles or among the hydrorhiza of large thecate hydrozoans. Rhysia fletcheri occurs in relatively sheltered waters of the San Juan Islands and on the exposed coast of Southern Vancouver Island.	Microphotographs of male and female specimens and Systematics discussion are included with the description of this new species found at Race Rocks. Color photographs by the author of male and female specimens are included in the link to the article. We wish to acknowledge the National Research Council of Canada who have kindly consented to the printing of this article. We also wish to thank the author, Dr. Anita Brinckmann-Voss for providing the color photographs of the specimens for the web site	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/hydroid/anitabv.htm
4	Refereed Journal	Ford, John K.B.	1991	Vocal Traditions among resident killer whales(Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia	.	.	69	.	1454-1481	.	.	Underwater vocalizations were recorded during repeated encounters with 16 pods, or stable kin groups, of killer whales (Orcinus orca) off the West Coast of British Columbia. Pods were identified from unique natural markings on individuals. Vocal exchanges within pods were dominated by repetitious discrete calls. Pods each produced 7-11 (mean 10.7) types of discrete calls. Individuals appear to acquire their pod’s call repertoire by learning, and repertoires can persist with little change for over 25 years. Call repertoires differed significantly among pods in the resident population. The 16 pods formed four distinct acoustic associations, or clans, each having a unique repertoire of discrete calls or vocal tradition. Pods within a clan shared several call types but no sharing took place among clans. Shared calls often contained structural variations specific to each pod or group of pods within the clan. These variants and other differences in acoustic behavior formed a system of related pod-specific dialects within the vocal tradition of each clan. Pods from different clans often traveled together, but observed patterns of social associations were often independent of acoustic relationships. It is proposed that each clan comprises related pods that have descended from a common ancestral group. New pods formed from this ancestral group through growth and matrilineal division of the lineage. The formation of new pods was accompanied by divergence of the call repertoire of the founding group. Such divergence resulted from the accumulation of errors in call learning across generations, call innovation , and call extinction. Pod-specific repertoires probably serve to enhance the efficiency of vocal communication within the group and act as behavioural indicators of pod affiliation. The striking differences among the vocal traditions of different clans suggest that each is an independent matriline.	.	.
		Walker- Bruce	1987	Pearson College Transect Data – Methods.	.	.	.	.	9	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Report on how to set up a transect and use transect data with reference to Race Rocks.	.
		Helm – Denise	1996	Light station Falls into College Hands	Times- Colonist	.	Dec 12	.	.	.	577.7 Hel Ra	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
	,	Veiogo-Peniasi S.	1991	A study of the level of Parasitic Infection (in crabs) between two separate locations.	.	.	.	.	30	.	578.65 Vei	Two locations were chosen to try to determine, and compare the level of parasitic infection between them. From each location, a total of forty crabs were observed for two species of parasites, and the test showed that there was, indeed, a difference in the level of parasitic infection between the two locations. I have purposely chosen in this study a few factors that could possibly be responsible for the observation stated above. In doing so, I picked factors that were most closely associated with the crabs and their natural habitats. Neither the sex nor the size of the crabs affects the level of infection in both the locations (i. e. there is no linear relationship between the level of infection and the size or sex of the crabs); the parasites infect all crabs with almost the same frequency showing no preference to any particular sex or size. Therefore, this is a very simple and straightforward study with the prime objective of solving an ecological problem, basing much of the conclusions on preliminary observations. Furthermore, this study tries to stimulate and encourage wider and more extensive research of marine parasites and their role in the ecology of marine life.	Study to compare the level of parasitic infection between two different locations – Pedder Bay and Race Rocks. 40 crabs were observed for two parasites to observe if a relationship existed between the level of infection and the size of the hosts, as well as its sex.	.
		Odeh- Omar	1991	Microorganism association withHalosaccion glandiforme.	.	.	.	.	36	.	.	This study involves the microorganisms associated with Halosaccion glandiforme. The samples of Halosaccion glandiforme were taken from Race Rocks Island in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve.In this study the main purpose was to detect the effect of certain characteristics of the habitat (Halosaccion glandiforme) on the diversity and population of the species present inside Halosaccion glandiforme. The results of this study show that the diversity and population of the species present in Halosaccion glandiforme is sometimes affected by the factors studied. The factors that were studied include total surface area of the sample, the location of the species within Halosaccion glandiforme and the fact that some samples have their top part open and others closed.	Study done in the Race Rocks ecological reserve to detect the effect of certain characteristics of the red algae habitat (H. glandiforme) on the diversity and population of the species present inside H. glandiforme.	.
		Obee-Bruce	1986	Race Rocks	Beautiful British Columbia	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/obee/obee.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Article about Race Rocks, off southern Vancouver Island.	.
		Hardie-D.,Mondor-C	1976	Race Rocks National Marine Park- A Preliminary Proposal	.	.	.	.	69	rrrefer/rrnatpark.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The federal- Provincial task force Working Group established in 1972 selected the marine and coastal area surrounding Race Rocks as one of several sites in the Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait warranting further study as a potential marine park. In 1973 a second task force was given the responsibility of developing a proposal for establishing the same. Complete copy in this database.	.
		Fisheries and Oceans Canada	1998	Marine Protected Areas Program Policy	.	.	.	.	27	http://www.oceansconservation.com	577.7 Mar C	None available– See Comments or Links The Marine Protected Areas Program Policy provides the rationale for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans’ efforts with respect to the identification, development, establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) under the Oceans Act.	The purpose of this document was to give the public an opportunity to review and comment upon the elements of the Marine Protected Areas Program.	.
		Hagler- Bailly Consulting, DavidF.Dickens Associates,Robert Allan Ltd.	1995	Benefit-Cost Analysis of Establishing a Dedicated Rescue/Salvage Tug to Serve Canada’s Southern West Coast	.	.	.	.	92	.	.	This report provides a benefit-cost analysis for establishing one dedicated rescue/salvage tug near the entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait on the west coast of Canada. The primary role of the tug would be to rescue a disabled oil tanker or major vessel. The tugs area of operation is assumed to be a 78 nautical-mile radius from Bamfield, British Columbia, which is located along the southern portion of Barkley Sound. This area encompasses a wide portion of Pacific Rim National Park and extends as far southeast as Port Angeles and as far north as Clayoquot Sound. These areas contain physical, biological, and recreational resources that are at risk from oil spills, and that have been injured by oil spills in the recent past.	Comments on Juan de Fuca Wildlife Impacts of Oil Spill Chapter 5 ” Benefits from establishing The rescue/Salvager Tugboat Program” is useful: Figures C1-C3 show oil spill paths in Strait of Juan de Fuca	.
		Anderson- David	1989	Report to the Premier On Oil Transportation and Spills	.	.	.	.	110 plus 25 pages in appendix	.	363.7394 And	This report is based on four month’s of public hearings in the coastal communities of British Columbia during the summer of 1989. The diverse proposals and recommendations coming from the public have been grouped, assessed, and where necessary supplemented, in order to come up with a coordinated and comprehensive series of recommendations to reduce marine oil spill risks and to improve response capability. The document is not focused on areas of provincial jurisdiction: the nature of the problems faced in oil spill prevention and response, the presentations of the public, and the approach of the Premier all suggest that the subject be considered as a whole.	.	.
		Water Management Services	1971	The Environmental Consequences of The Proposed Oil Transport Between Valdez and Cherry Point Refinery	.	.	.	.	.	.	363.7382 Env	The hazard to the marine and coastal environments associated with tanker transport may be considered to occur in two related, but distinct, ways. One is the continuing leak of oil to the environment resulting from the myriad of routine operations associated with the oil industry, both intentional and accidental, which contributes the major but less spectacular contribution to marine oil pollution. The other is the spill arising from mishap (grounding, collision, structural failure or fire) in which all or a significant fraction of the cargo is released to the environment over a short period.	.	.
		Rosso- Giovanni E.	1999	Patterns of Color Polymorphism in the Intertidal Snail, Littorina sitkana at the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area	.	.	.	.	.	rreoref/polymor/giovee.htm	594.3 Ros	As most intertidal gastropods, the Littorina sitkana shows remarkable variation in shell color. This occurs in both microhabitats that are exposed or sheltered from wave action. There appeared to be a close link between the shell coloration of the periwinkle and the color of the background surface. Fieldwork was carried out at the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area in order to investigate patterns of color polymorphism. Evidence from previous studies was also taken into account to better support interpretations and understand certain behaviors. The results showed that in the study site there was a very strong relation between the color of the shells and the color of the rocks. Light colored shells lived on light shaded rocks and vice versa. An interesting pattern was noticed on the white morphs. These were rare along the coast (Only 2%), but were present in relatively high numbers in tidepools set in white quartz. From previous experience (Ron J. Etter, 1988), these morphs seem to have developed, as an evolutionary response, a higher resistance to physiological stress from drastic temperature changes between tides. Some results showed that the white morph is present in an unexpectedly high percentage at the juvenile stage, but then their number decreases dramatically with age. As in Etter’s study, more research needs to be done on the role of visual predators in this phenomenon.	This image shows both Black and white color variants of the Littorina sp. Here they are placed against the white quartz background in the shallow water of tidepool #4	.
		Goddard- James, M.	1975	The Intertidal and Subtidal Macroflora and Macrofauna in the proposed Juan de Fuca National Marine Park near Victoria, B.C.	.	.	.	.	59 pages	rreoref2/jdfmarpk/juanmarpark.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“Sites Investigated: The sites investigated in this survey were selected as representative of the rocky shore extending from Albert head to Beechy Head. —further effort in the description of the subtidal biota was directed to the unique areas within the proposed park—Race Rocks with the high velocity currents– Species identifications were established using keys and the reference collections of Dobrocky SEATECH Limited, the University of Victoria and the B.C. Provincial museum. Species List For Race Rocks is included in Appendix 8, page 78. Schematic Profile, page 47. RR Description page 45-48.	.
		Ashuvud -Johan , Fletcher -Garry L.	1980	Race Rocks Reserve Established	Diver Magazine	.	September	.	2	.	577.7 Rac R	None available– See Comments or Links	This is the first publication of notice to the Diving Community that the Ecological reserve had been established	.
		Sylvestre- Jean-Pierre	1999	Canada, les gardiens de Race Rock	Cols Bleus marine et arsenaux	.	2473 13/02/99	6	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“Au large de Victoria, au sud del’ile de vancouver, un recif supporte le phare canadien le plus meridional. Ce recif est devenu le gite de quelques milliers d’oiseaux marins du Pacifique et de quatre especes de mammiliferes marins. Les gardiens du phare, Carol et mike Slater, veillent jalousement sur cette reserve ecologique, veritable petit paradis terrestre. “	.
		Ruckthum- Vorapot	1981	The Current Meter at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	39	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A description of the events surrounding the installation of the current meter in 1981 that lead to the creation of the Race Passage Current tables	.
		Olesiuk-Peter F., Bigg-Michael A.	1988	Seals and Sea Lions on the British Columbia Coast	.	.	DFO/4104	.	12	rreoref/mmammals/sealsandsealions.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The complete pamphlet with color photos is scanned in at the reference linked here. This pamphlet provided the most recent scientific information on the status of seals and sea lion in B.C up to its publication. It describes general biology, and refers to the conflicts that arise with commercial and sports fisheries. Excellent color photographs of all 5 species. Graphs on Trends of Abundance of harbour seals in B.C.(p3), and Diet of sea Lions Wintering off Southern Vancouver Island (p10) are particularly useful. Some research for this document was obtained by scat samples at Race Rocks ( personal communication with P. Olesiuk)	.
		Anderson-Flo	1998	Race Rocks – July 28, 1966-March 2, 1982-	Lighthouse Chronicles Twenty years on the B.C. Lights	.	.	.	130-218	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/history/rrkeeper/litchron.htm	387.155 And	None available– See Comments or Links	The best published account available to date on the life on the light station at Race Rocks. Reference is made to the role of Pearson College in creating the Ecological reserve, page 183-184.( with Photograph)	.
		Webster – I, Farmer,D.M.	1977	Analysis of Lighthouse Station Temperature and Salinity Data- Phase II	.	.	.	.	93	.	.	This report summarizes certain features of salinity and temperature time series obtained from lighthouse stations along the B.C. coast together with related rainfall data. The presentation is intended to facilitate analysis of temperature or salinity trends and fluctuations as well as the relationships between data from different stations. The data are presented as annual trends, monthly means, standard deviations and spectra cross-spectra. The analysis indicates relatively close correspondence between stations at periods greater than a year, but with significant differences at higher frequencies.	Graphs relating temperature, salinity and rainfall at Race Rocks compared to other stations are shown on the following pages 29,33,45,53,63,65,69,71,75,83,87, and 91	.
		Matthews-Angus	1999	Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas- Pearson College Communications with Federal Government Levels 1994-1999	.	.	.	.	————-	.	577.7 Com I	This series of documents presents the efforts of Angus Matthews, administrator of Lester B. Pearson College, to offer to the federal government a model of Community participation in creating a marine education center at Race Rocks. It begins with initiation of the proposal in order to provide for a continued presence of personnel at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve, when the destaffing of the light station is looming on the horizon. The communications between Mr. Matthews and officials of the Canadian Coast Guard, and with the office of the Minister of Fisheries are represented in chronological order. This is the second of two records of communications, document #26 representing the Communications at the Provincial Parks Level. that were going on simultaneously.	This series of documents presents an excellent chronological account of the frustrated efforts of an organization in the community to facilitate a constructive solution to the destaffing of light stations and the simultaneous provision of on sight protection for a sensitive ecological area.	.
		Matthews-Angus	1999	Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas- Pearson College Communications with Provincial Government 1994-1999 with Provincial Levels of government	.	..	…	.	—————	.	577.7.Com	This series of documents presents the efforts of Angus Matthews, administrator of Lester B. Pearson College, to offer to the federal government a model of Community participation in creating a marine education center at Race Rocks. It begins with initiation of the proposal in order to provide for a continued presence of personnel at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve, when the destaffing of the light station is looming on the horizon. The communications between Mr. Matthews and officials of the Provincial Parks Department are represented in chronological order. This is the second of two records of communications, (document #25 representing the Communications at the Federal Fisheries and Oceans Department,) that were going on simultaneously during a 5 year period. 1994-1999. Government of British Columbia June 20, 1994 Pearson College writes to The Hon. Moe Sihota, Minister of the Environment and Esquimalt – Metchosin MLA to request support for BC Parks involvement in an initiative to operate surplus facilities at Race Rocks as a marine education Centre. June 29, 1994 Minister Sihota writes and expresses interest in the project. Dec. 21, 1995 The Hon. Glen Clark, Minister of Employment and Investment writes to Federal Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin and request a delay in de-staffing light stations. July 8, 1996 Newly appointed Environment Minister The Hon. Paul Ramsey writes to express interest in the plans for Race Rocks and to advise that a management plan is required before his Ministry can proceed. He expects the plan to take one year to be written. July 25, 1996 Pearson College proposes fast tracking the management plan. Sept. 20, 1996 The Ministry of Employment and Investment commissions a report to look into the potential of commercial uses for Race Rocks. Oct. 11, 1996 Minister Ramsey writes to advise that the Province is considering a coast wide plan to operate light stations. Any decision on Race Rocks would wait for this review. Oct. 29, 1996 Pearson College writes to BC Parks, District Manager, Mr. Dave Chater regarding the imminent closure of Race Rocks station, the need for rapid progress on the management plan and advises that the College will pursue Federal Marine Protected Area status for the Reserve. Oct. 31, 1996 Mr. Denis O’Gorman, Assistant Deputy Minister of Parks writes to Mr. Rick Bryant, at Coast Guard, to advise that BC Parks did not have a use for surplus buildings at Race Rocks under the current management plan. A new plan would review this and it would be finished in early 1977. Jan. 30, 1997 Newly appointed Minister of the Environment The Hon. Cathy McGregor writes to confirm the target date for completion of the management plan as early 1997. Feb. 12, 1997 Assistant Deputy Minister O’Gorman writes to advise that BC Parks would support Pearson College’s application for a Crown lease on Race Rocks. Mar. 1, 1997 Pearson College takes over staffing Race Rocks under a temporary two year agreement with the Coast Guard. April 11, 1997 Pearson College applies to BC Lands for a 30 year Crown lease for Race Rocks. Dec. 19, 1997 Mr. Dave Chater writes that BC Parks is prepared to enter into an agreement in principle with Coast Guard. The draft management plan, which is still incomplete, is being amended. April 14, 1998 Mr. Chris Kissinger, Resource Officer at BC Parks writes to Mr. Fred Stepchuk, Superintendent of Facilities, Coast Guard, to summarize repairs required to surplus facilities at Race Rocks prior to transfer to BC Parks. Sept. 1, 1998 Minister Anderson announces Race Rocks will be a pilot Marine Protected Area. Dec. 15, 1998 Mr. Dave Chater writes to Mr. Fred Stepchuk at Coast Guard regarding transfer of the surplus facilities. Mar. 1, 1999 Pearson College staff remain at Race Rocks although BC Parks has not reached an agreement with Coast Guard regarding the transfer of facilities. The management plan is still not finished.	This series of documents presents an excellent chronological account of the often frustrating efforts of an organization in the community to facilitate a constructive solution to the destaffing of light stations and the simultaneous provision of on-site protection for a sensitive ecological area.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1998	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Management Plan the Process of Development	.	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/rrmanprocess.htm	577.7 Fle	.CONTENTS:Part A: March 1996 : The first draft of the management plan was developed by Garry Fletcher and submitted to B.C. Parks. Part B : November 1996 : Feedback from B.C. Parks head office staff offering criticisms of the draft. Part C: February 1997: Students of the Environmental Systems class review the suggestions of B.C. Parks and propose changes and a Race Rocks permit application for research and collection activities. Part D : May 1997 : Kris Kennet of B.C. parks reworks the draft- July 14 – her final version.Part E : October 1997: invitations from Parks to Stakeholders for a meeting to discuss the draft. Part F : Written feedback of several invited people. Part G : April 1998: Draft Management Plan discussed at stakeholders meeting. Part H : June 1998 Final draft version of Management Plan produced by Jim Morris of B.C. Parks Malahat office.	I	.
		Fletcher-Garry L, Environmental Systems Students LBPC	1999	Development of a Permit Process for Race Rocks Ecological Reserve.	.	Editor:Fletcher, Garry L.	.	.	.	rrrefer/permit.htm	577.7 Dev	From 1980 to 1999, research and educational activities in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve have been done on a permit basis. Included in this document are samples of permits applied for through the ecological reserves office and a modified permit form presently in use by the ecological reserve- Marine Protected Area. This latter version was originally developed by two students of the Environmental systems Class at Lester B. Pearson College in 1997, Maja and Leah.	Samples of Ecological reserve permits are presented. At the Internet site, the most recent version of the permit will be available.	http://www.racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/admin/rroperat.htm
		Fletcher- Garry L.	1998	The Underwater Safari- an Experiment in Distance Education from a Sensitive Ecosystem Using Technology	.	Editor:Garry Fletcher	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/safari/safari.htm	.	In 1994, Lester Pearson College was successful in convincing the Provincial Parks department to commit $10,000 toward the promotion of the Technology of distance education for bringing schools and the public into this sensitive marine ecological reserve. The proposal was made to the Royal B.C. Museum to use the facilities of the Jason Project to implement this plan. For one week in October, the combined resources of B.C.Tel, Shaw Cable, B.C. Systems Corp., the RBC Museum and Lester B. Pearson College were put to the test in the production of 24 1 hour live programs from Race Rocks. These programs were broadcast live by satellite and cable to schools and science centers across Canada and to the New England Science Center in the North Eastern United States. A degree of two way interaction was achieved in selected British Columbia locations. This compilation of information makes available information from the correspondence and preparatory phase as well as some of the media coverage.	In October 1992, the diving students of Lester Pearson College were able to help Darryl Bainbridge with the filming of the Canadian Underwater Safari Production . This series of 24 one hour tv programs was broadcast live from Race Rocks to schools and museum audiences across Canada and the US on the Anik 2 satellite. This experiment was the first at Race Rocks to show that technology could be used to enhance education and research in sensitive areas without them being overly threatened by the presence of humans.	.
		Fletcher- Garry L., Biology and Environmental Systems Students	1999	Intertidal Transects at Race Rocks.	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.uwc.ca/pearson/ensy/racerock/trans98/tran15.htm	.	IntroductionThroughout the time since Lester Pearson College first took on a stewardship role at Race Rocks in the late 1970’s, we have been involved in doing a variety of Ecological studies. Tidepool monitoring, intertidal transects, invertebrate association studies , subtidal transects, and marine mammal studies. This paper will outline the Intertidal Transect-Quadrat Studies: At least 50 Students of the Environmental Systems and Biology classes annually have done intertidal transect studies as a field lab exercise. These transect studies are usually done with a class of 10-16 in a 60 minute time slot when we can get out to Race Rocks. It is only possible to do them in the spring when the tidal levels are low enough. The objectives for these studies are indicated on the worksheet attached. For the most part , they are designed to show students basic methodology of studying intertidal zonation and recording ecological changes and relationships through an environmental gradient. They are also intended however to serve a practical purpose in documenting baseline information about the intertidal area as an indicator for checking on long term patterns of change or stability and serving as a baseline against which anthropogenic changes could be measured. It is important to recognize that students are learning organism identification as well as basic technique here so there is no attempt to treat this as a rigorous statistical investigation. Two other types of transect work have been done. One is a series of photographic transects , and these have been used once as a ground truthing exercise for comparison two years after the photos were taken . The other is a transect done frequently at station 13A) on the North East corner as part of an exam question on intertidal zonation on macroalgae. CONTENTS: PART A : Intertidal transects Station #15 . Student data and kite diagrams are attached as examples. Internet connection to pictures taken during this study can be found here. (http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/transect/trans98/tran15.htm) ——————————————————————————– PART B : Intertidal Transects Station #13A. .This North East corner of the island has a constant slope of 45 degrees, is exposed to the winter storms and swells from the East and is shaded from hot afternoon exposure to sunlight. The zonation of the different species of algae is striking. A set of student data is attached. http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/transect/trans98/tran5.htm ——————————————————————————– PART C : Photographic transect in the peg #5 area. In the summer of 1995 an exercise was developed at the BioQuest workshop as an example of how photographic transects could be used in a computer simulation. These images are available at: the following location: http://www.racerocks.com/racerocks/transect/transect.htm	There are many slides in the Race Rocks slide set of Garry Fletcher, stored in the Pearson College Race Rocks Collection in the library. They document various classes from Pearson College involved in doing transects. See second link to internet files.	../transect/trans98/tran15.htm
		Fletcher- Garry L., Marine Science Students, 1979	1979	Ecological Reserve Proposal for Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	.	Editor:Garry Fletcher	.	.	.	rrrefer/Apr79wkshop.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is the proposal for the Ecological reserve at Race Rocks, done by faculty and students of Lester Pearson College, followed by a workshop held at the college in 1979. Slides of the participants may be found in the G.Fletcher slide set.	.
		Fletcher- Garry L.,	1979	The Experience of Lester Pearson College in Establishing an Ecological Reserve at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/rrer.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This set of papers documents some of the early experiences in working with the Parks ministry as Warden of the Ecological reserve at Race Rocks. Included are samples of correspondence, and the annual warden reports.	.
		Fletcher- Garry L., Diving Service Students	1999	Subtidal Transects at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/subtidtransect.htm	.	Introduction Throughout the time since Lester Pearson College first took on a stewardship role at Race Rocks in the late 1970’s, we have been involved in doing a variety of Ecological studies. Tidepool monitoring, intertidal transects, invertebrate association studies , abalone tagging, subtidal transects, and marine mammal studies. This introduction will outline the Subtidal Transect-Quadrat Studies:At least 30 Students are involved in the diving program at Lester Pearson College. One of the project we do when weather, tidal conditions and time permit is to record data on the distribution of organisms underwater at Race Rocks. Since our students are trained in diving here, they get to dive at Race Rocks after the fall training period in their first year. It is only in part of their second year that they have the necessary experience to be able to contribute to the underwater ecological recording at Race Rocks. Weather being what it is, the continuity of the work underwater is a problem and thus significant ontributions are made by a handful of students. Dives on the transect stations can only be done on a mild flood or slack tide, and since most use wetsuits, they are only able to stick with stationary activity underwater a short time until they get cold. It is important to recognize that students are learning organism identification as well as basic technique here so it cannot be treated as a rigorous statistical investigation. Various approaches have been made to standardize a workable procedure. Recently some interest has been shown in an “adopt a quadrat approach”. This is possible since we now have permanent peg locations underwater. So far it has not produced significant results, but it is hoped that The early investigations were done from fixed pegs in the intertidal zone and compass bearings to position the lines. Two files have been produced documenting the procedures. One in the early years by Bruce Walker, (a student of year 13), and the other by Dr. Jane Watson of Malaspina College. Both methods are difficult to employ but remain as the best available so far for this difficult to work in area. In 1982, one set of students did a comprehensive survey of the distribution of one species Metridium senile. This was an easy to identify organism and large areas could be covered with minor difficulties. This report is included as entry #165 in the Race Rocks Ecological Overview. The data sheets for the subtidal studies are included here. It is to be hoped that someone may be able to devote the time to working them up into a series of reports on the different stations. After our experience with various methods of underwater ecological work, certainly the population studies by tagging are the ones that have been most successful. In addition, now that we have specific reference pegs in several areas along the North side of the island underwater, the monitoring of specific areas by underwater video is possible. \| –	This is an on-going project. Raw data files are available of work done in the 1980’s.The second URL link is to the suggested procedure for any further transects that we will be doing in the future. There is a good potential here for a math studies projects using Excel database design.	rreoref2/jane/watson.htm
		Slater- Carol	1997	Ecological Reserve Manager’s Log- 1997	.	.	.	.	.	.	577.7 Sla 1997	None available– See Comments or Links	The complete text of the station log kept by Carol Slater is included in the library collection. Records of bird and mammal events, whale watching boats and fisheries infractions in the reserve are recorded	.
		Slater- Carol	1998	Ecological Reserve Manager’s Log- 1998	.	.	.	.	.	.	577.7 Sla 1998	None available– See Comments or Links	The complete text of the station log kept by Carol Slater is included in the library collection. Records of bird and mammal events, whale watching boats and fisheries infractions in the reserve are recorded	.
		Slater- Mike	1999	Meteorological Data for Race Rocks, 1997-1998	.	.	.	.	.	.	551.632 Sle	None available– See Comments or Links	With the destaffing of the light station, meteorological records were about to be discontiniued. At the request of Pearson College , the records were re-established. Daily records of Max- min. temp and rainfall are included here in the library copy. An additional copy is kept at Race Rocks.	.
		Slater- Mike	1999	Salinity- Temperature Daily Records For Race Rocks, 1997-1999	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/data/data.htm	551.4601 Sal	None available– See Comments or Links	Salinity records are in Density units. The raw tables submitted monthly are provided in the library in this reference. The above URL provides a link to the Institute of Ocean Sciences record made from these daily reports, dating back to the 1920’s. After automation of the light station, these records were maintained by Pearson College staff, Mike Slater. Records are taken manually one hour before high tide daily. The results are forwarded monthly to Ron Perkin of IOS. He has prepared the complete database. The link provided here also connects to an internal version of the database.	frmTemp-Salinity
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1999	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Warden’s Reports and correspondence 1980-1998	.	.	.	.	.	.	577.7 Fle Rac Ro	None available– See Comments or Links	Most of the warden’s reports available have been included	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1999	Marine Birds of Pedder Bay to Race Rocks- Transect Data	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available	Includes analysis of some of the data by LBPC student David Mesiha, March 1999. Good for exercises on Excel spreadsheets.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1999	The Management Plan for the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/manage1.htm	.	None available– See Comments	This link is to the version of the management plan for the Ecological Reserve which was completed in the spring of 1998. Another reference #27 documents the stages in the development of the plan. Also available in Braille at LBPC library.	.
		Baird W.F. and Associates	1991	Pedder Bay British Columbia Wave Climate Study and Wave protection Considerations	.	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/pedbaywave.htm	551.4708 Bai	None available– See Comments	.	.
		Baird- Robin W., Dill-Lawrence M.	1995	Occurrence and Behavior of Transient killer whales: seasonal and pod-specific variability, foraging behavior and prey handling	Can. J. Zool.	.	73	.	1300-1311	.	599.536 Bai	We studied the occurrence and behavior of so-called transient killer whales (Orcinus orca) around southern Vancouver Island from 1986 to 1993. Occurrence and behavior varied seasonally and among pods ; some pods foraged almost entirely in open water and were recorded in the study area throughout the year, while others spent much of their time foraging around pinniped haulouts and other nearshore sites, and used the study area primarily during the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) weaning ? post-weaning period. Overall use of the area was greatest during that period, and energy intake at that time was significantly greater than at other times of the year, probably because of the high encounter rates and ease of capture of harbour seal pups. Multipod groups of transients were frequently observed, as has been reported for residents, but associations were biased towards those between pods that exhibited similar foraging tactics. Despite the occurrence of transients and residents within several kilometers of each other on nine occasions, mixed groups were never observed and transients appeared to avoid residents. Combined with previous studies on behavioural, ecological, and morphological differences, such avoidance behavior supports the supposition that these populations are reproductively isolated.	.	.
		Baird- Robin W., Dill-Lawrence M.	1996	Ecological and social determinants of group size in transient killer whales	.	.	.	.	.	.	599.536 Bai E	Most analyses of the relationship between group size and food intake of social carnivores have shown a discrepancy between the group size that maximizes energy intake and that which is most frequently observed. Around southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, killer whales of the so-called transient form forage in small groups, and appear to prey exclusively on marine mammals. Between 1986 and 1993, in approximately 434 h of observations on transient killer whales, we observed 138 attacks on five species of marine mammals. Harbor seals were most frequently attacked (130 occasions), and the observed average energy intake rate was more than sufficient for the whales energetic needs. Energy intake varied with group size, with groups of three having the highest energy intake rate per individual. While groups of three were most frequently encountered, the group size experienced by an average individual in the population (i.e., typical group size) is larger than three. However, comparisons between observed and expected group sizes should utilize only groups engaged in the behavior of interest. The typical size of groups consisting only of adult and subadult whales that were engaged primarily in foraging activities confirms that these individuals are found in groups that are consistent with the maximization of energy intake hypothesis. Larger groups may form for (1) the occasional hunting of prey other than harbor seals, for which the optimal foraging group size is probably larger than three; and (2) the protection of calves and other social functions. Key words: dispersal, foraging, group hunting, harbor seals, killer whales, optimal group size, social structure. [Behav Ecol. 7:408-416 (1996].	.	.
		Olesiuk,Peter	1993	Annual Prey Consumption by harbour seals	Fish. Bull. US.	.	91	.	491-515	.	.	.	.	.
		Baird, Robin W., Hanson- M.Bradley	1996	Status of the Northern fur seal , Callorhinus ursinus , in Canada	The Canadian Field Naturalist	.	.	.	.	rreoref2/elepseal/statusfurseal.htm	599.79 Bai	This report reviews the general biology, status, and management of the Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus), with special reference to its status in Canadian waters. While Northern Fur Seals do not breed within Canadian waters, they can be found in large numbers in the waters offshore of British Columbia year-round, and occasional stragglers are found inshore. Generally found only in small groups during the pelagic phase of their life, the largest numbers occur in British Columbia waters from January through June. The eastern North Pacific population has declined significantly over the last 30 years, but the cause in unknown.	The picture shown here is of the fur seal “Frosty” who Trev and Flo Anderson took note of for at least six years at Race Rocks- until they left in 1982. Photo by Flo Anderson	.
		Baird- Robin W.	1997	Birth of a Resident killer whale off Victoria , British Columbia ,Canada	Marine Mammal Science	.	13	3	504-508	.	599.523 Bir	Observations of cetacean births are rare, as are reports of the behavior of the mother and other group members immediately after a birth. Scientists have observed births of at least five species in the wild: the killer whale (Orcinus orca), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), beluga (Delphinapterus leucas), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), and gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) ( Balcomb 1974, Leatherwood and Beach 1975, Mills and Mills 1979, Jacobsen 1981, Weilgart and Whitehead 1986, Beland et al. 1990, Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 1997). There have also been a few published accounts of cetacean births in captivity (e.g., Asper et al. 1988). This note describes the birth of a wild killer whale in a well-documented “resident” pod and the unusual behavior of the group.	.	.
		Baird-Robin W.	1998	Dall’s porpoise reactions to tagging attempts using a remotely- deployed suction -cup tag	MTS Journal	.	32	.	18-23	.	599.53 Han	Remotely-deployable non-invasive (suction-cup attached) tags to record underwater behavior of cetaceans have recently been developed. How useful these tags are for applications on a broad range of species has yet to be documented. However, we attempted to use such tags to study the diving behavior of Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) in the trans-boundary area of British Columbia and Washington state, and report here on the feasibility of the technique, including the reactions of Dall’s porpoise to tagging attempts. Tagging activities were undertaken in August 1996, while porpoises were bow-riding on a small vessel. We made 15 tagging attempts and 13 resulted in tag contact with a porpoise. No reactions were observed for the 2 misses, nor for 2 of the 13 hits. Of the 11 cases when tag reactions were observed, porpoises returned to continue bow-riding almost immediately in 7 cases, suggesting no long-term effect. Short-term reactions observed included a flinch (9 of 13 hits), tailslap (1 of 13 hits) and high speed swimming away from the vessel (4 of 13 hits), with some hits resulting in more than one type of reaction. Three of 13 hits resulted in successful tag attachment. One tag remained attached for 41 minutes, providing the first diving behavior data for this species. Rates of descent and ascent, as well as swimming velocity, were relatively high only for the first 6-8 minutes after tag attachment, suggesting a reaction to tagging that lasted approximately 8 minutes.	.	.
		Baird-Robin W.	1998	An Intergenic hybrid in the family phococnidae	Can Journal Zool	.	76	.	198-204	.	599.539 Bai	A 60 cm female fetus recovered from a Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) found dead in southern British Columbia was fathered by a harbour porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena). This is the first report of a hybrid within the family Phocoenidae and one of the first well-documented cases of cetacean hybridization in the wild. In several morphological features, the hybrid was either intermediate between the parental species (e.g., vertebral count) or more similar to the harbour porpoise than to the Dall’s porpoise (e.g., colour pattern, relative position of the flipper, dorsal fin height). The fetal colour pattern (with a clear mouth-to-flipper stripe, as is found in the harbour porpoise) is similar to that reported for a fetus recovered from a Dall’s porpoise to off California. Hybrid status was confirmed through genetic analysis, with species-specific repetitive DNA sequences of both the harbour and Dall’s porpoise being found in the fetus. Atypically pigmented porpoises (usually traveling with the behaving like Dall’s porpoises) are regularly observed in the area around southern Vancouver Island. We suggest that these abnormally pigmented animals, as well as the previously noted fetus from California, may also represent hybridization events.	.	.
		Baird- Robin,W	1998	Studying Diving Behavior of Whales and Dolphins using suction cup attached tags	Whalewatcher	.	Spring/Summer	.	3-7	.	599.53 Bai S	Tagging whales with radio transmitters (either VHF or satellite-linked) or sensors which record depth, swimming speed, or other parameters can provide details on the movement patterns and behavior of a species. Methods for putting such tags on whales and dolphins have typically involved capturing the animals and pinning the tags onto the dorsal fin of dorsal ridge, or using tags which can be put on free-living animals but which penetrate the skin to anchor into the blubber. While these methods are necessary in many studies, especially for those in which long-term or long-distance information is required, there is an alternate method for short-term attachments which does not require capturing the animals or penetrating the skin. This approach uses remotely-attached suction-cup tags. Here I give information on the history of this technique, some details about methods, and talk about some of the limitations. Despite the potential situations where suction-cup tags may be valuable or even the most “appropriate” method for attaching instruments on cetaceans, many limitations to this method exist.	.	.
		Bigg- Michael	1985	Status of the Steller Sea Lion ( Eumetopias jubatus) and California Sea Lion ( Zalophus californianus) in British Columbia	Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	.	.	.	20	.	599.5 Big	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Barr- Julie	1996	Interests of Stakeholders and options for Establishing a Marine Protected Area at William Head- A Discussion Paper	Discussion paper	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/wmhead.htm	577.7 Bar I	None available– See Comments or Links	Appendix contains two journal articles on Marine protected Areas	.
		MPA Strategy Steering Committee , B.C.Parks , Fisheries and Oceans Canada	1998	Marine Protected Areas A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast– Discussion Paper	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.luco.gov.bc.ca/pas/mpa/dispap.htm	577.7 Pet	None available– See Comments or Links	Co-signed by Petrachenko-Donna, and Thompson-Derek -From the Foreword: “This Strategy has been developed jointly by federal and provincial agencies and clearly reflects the need for governments to work in unison to achieve common marine protection and conservation goals. The Strategy is not a new program, but an initiative to coordinate all existing federal and provincial marine protected areas under a single umbrella. This will allow for the development of a national system of marine protected areas on the Pacific Coast by the year 2010 which is interlinked with the marine components of the B.C. Protected Areas Strategy.” August, 1998	.
		Stitt-Susan	1990	Lighthouse keepers essential to research	Pacific Tidings	.	3	3	4-6	.	387.155.Sti	None available– See Comments or Links	“We see clear evidence of a warming trend in the ocean,” says Dr. Freedland. “The trend line shows warming at Race Rocks to be about .26 degrees C. per century, that’s quite small but the water there is influenced by the Frazer River and the cold water coming down off the mountains,”	.
		Seven-Richard	1998	Keepers of the Light– After years of protecting people from these rocks, these lighthouse keepers now protect the rocks from the people	Pacific Northwest magazine in The Seattle Times– January 25, 1998	.	.	.	.	.	387.155 Sev	None available– See Comments or Links	Has excellent color photos	.
		Hodgkins-D.O., Goodman-R.H., Fingas, M.F.	1993	Forecasting Surface Currents Measured with HF Radar	Proceedings 16th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar	.	.	.	12	.	551.4701 Hod	Utilization of real-time surface current data with oil spill models requires forecasting currents for lead times of 24 to 48 hours. A forecasting method based on tidal decomposition and an ARMA analysis of residuals has been derived and tested using the 1992 Juan de Fuca SeaSonde database of hourly surface currents. Results show that, for this particular region, most of the observed current can be accounted for by the tide and the short-term residual mean. A portion, representing about 15% of the variance, was found to be associated with the turbulent eddy field. The radar current measurements provide spatial estimates of the kinetic energy in this turbulent component, and of the associated eddy diffusivity. Thus, the current forecasting algorithm provides useful predictions of both the slowly-varying deterministic flow field, and the spatial variations of the turbulent energy and diffusivity.	.	.
		Jaquette, Leslie	1995	In a league of their own	Canadian	.	April	.	35-37	rreoref/league/league.htm	577.7 Jac	None available– See Comments or Links	An article about this area as a diving destination. Translation into French in “La Reserve ecologique de Race Rocks” parallel article.	.
		Baird- Robin W.	1991	Harbour Seal Detection of Predators: Implications for the adaptive function of transient killer whale foraging tactics.	Research Proposal	.	.	.	19	.	595.5 Bai Ha	Two forms of killer whale (Orcinus orca) are found in British Columbia, Alaska and Washington; one, termed transient, feeds primarily on marine mammals, and the other, termed resident, feeds primarily on fish. In the study are around southern Vancouver Island, transient killer whales feed primarily on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). The purpose of this research is to examine each of the three sensory cues harbour seals might use to detect killer whales. These cues are (1) visual, (2) auditory above-water, and (3) auditory below-water. The relative importance of each cue in harbour seal detection of killer whales will be determined by comparing the magnitude of the reactions to each stimulus. While hunting harbour seals, transient killer whales exhibit characteristics of all of these components (visual and above- and below-water sounds) that differ from those of (fish-eating) residents. These are : an increased length of long dives (Morton 1990) ; decreased amplitude of exhalations (blows) (Baird pers. obs.) ; and a lack of underwater vocalizations (Ford and Hubbard-Morton 1990). These behavioural differences may be adaptations which function to decrease detection by seals, but this has not been tested.	This proposal includes the permit application.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L. , Marine Science Students LBPC	1979	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Proposal- Lester B. Pearson College	Report	.	.	.	67 pages	rrrefer/Apr79wkshop.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This represents the original proposal for protected status at Race Rocks. It was done by Garry Fletcher and the Marine Science students of Lester Pearson College in preparation for a workshop held on the subject at Pearson College April 21 1979. Complete text of the proposal is included at linked site below. Includes Appendices and record of the workshop meeting at Lester Pearson College. Slides of this event are contained in the slide file referenced in this database.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L, Marine Science Students -LBP College	1980	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve : Application, Ministry Executive Committee Submission, Cabinet Submission and Correspondence 1979-1980	.	.	.	.	60	rrrefer/Apr79wkshop.htm	577.7 Fle R	None available– See Comments or Links	In the picture, Dr. Derrick Ellis of U.Vic at the Race Rocks Workshop discussing with Garry Fletcher, students, and other invited guests the possibility of creating an ecological reserve for Race Rocks (April of 1979.)	.
		Van Dam- Frank, Bethel-Nico,Couchman Barbara, May-Fiona	1977	Historical Documentation on Race Rocks	Student Reports	.	.	.	12	.	387.155 Van	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Wallace- S.Scott	1996	Initial Communications and Findings of Abalone Project – Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This set of references includes the permit application and information sent back to Pearson College while Scott was working on his graduate work at UBC.	.
		Watson- Jane	1994	Race Rocks Sampling Program	.	.	.	.	14	rreoref2/jane/lngmonitor.htm	577.7 Wat	None available– See Comments or Links	This report was done by Jane Watson of Malaspina College in Nanaimo in order to help the students at Pearson College establish a sampling protocol for the stainless steel pegs established from 1994-1995. It is followed up with a survey done by Javier Blanco in 1997 that helps to define the exact location of the pegs.	.
		Cornerstone planning Group	1996	A Preliminary Assessment of Potential Alternative Uses for Light stations in B.C.	.	.	.	.	.	.	387.155 Pre	The site is situated within an Ecological Reserve, which is a nesting area for thousands of seagulls and other sea birds, including oyster catchers and cormorants. The presence of a sea lion haul-out site and elephant seals means that the site may be noisy during certain times of the year. There is easy access from Victoria harbour. The site is currently used by Pearson College for research and educational purposes, and used by nine whale-watching companies for marine wildlife viewing. There is good potential for local sea kayaking tours, and it is currently used as a scuba diving site. The Royal B.C. Museum and other local tour operators visit Race Rocks. The barren landscape with much wind and lack of potable water are not conducive to the camping experience.	Page 34 note; potential Alternative uses. This rather glib assessment of the potential shows a	.
		Crawford -John	1998	Race Rocks project-Phase II- An Examination of Technical Connectivity issues and Educational Options	.	.	.	.	12	.	374.26 Cra	None available– See Comments or Links	Phase I of the Pearson College / Open School collaboration on Race Rocks (completed March 31, 1998), established a strong link between the British Columbia science curriculum and the abundant marine resources of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. The compatibility of educational need and a rich marine resource led to the issue of defining specifics for connectivity.The objective of Phase II (summer, 1998) was to identify technical connectivity needs and costs, and consider alternate education options. Not infrequently, what appears to be a straight forward data gathering project, quickly escalates into a major research effort. Defining, pricing, and gaining a consensus on how to establish an interactive electronic connection between Race Rocks, Lester B. Pearson College and the Open Learning Agency was just such an undertaking. However, significant progress was made. Detailed below is : – a summary of the considered opinions of many experts on the feasibility and educational value of connectivity – detailed technical data on how to achieve connectivity and, – recommendations for a two-pronged approach to achieve the long-term Grand scheme while designing and implementing a more modest educational package for the short-term.	.
		Matthews -Angus	1997	Race Rocks Contemporary History	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Records events at Race Rocks, mostly as they related to the staff and students of Lester Pearson College. In the picture shown here. Trev and flo Anderson built the ship “Wawa” in the late 1970’s and launched it in 1982.– pictures included in this web site.	.
		Matthews- Angus	1997	Race Rocks History	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/history/rrkeeper/histcont.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	On this site is an excellent set of black and white photographs taken of Race Rocks in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s . Courtesy of the British Columbia Archives. Victoria, B.C.	.
		Bibby- Allan	1997	Outpost Video -The Race Rocks Marine Education Centre	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/outpost/rreduc.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Two versions of this film exist, an 11 minute and a 6 minute version. It highlights Dr. Joe MacInnis on his dive at Race Rocks with students of Lester Pearson College.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve History	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/rrerhist.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A summary of the process of making the ecological reserve. In the photo, Jens Jensen and johan Ashuvud, students in the Diving Service of Pearson College are fixing a marker bouy on Rosedale reef. This was at a negative tidal level, the only time in some years this reef becomes visible for a few minutes. Also see slides in the slide collection.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	Race Rocks to be Managed by Pearson College	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/news/racenews.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Announcement on Internet	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	The Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Information Pamphlet	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/racrksre.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	VISITING THE ECOLOGICAL RESERVE: Hazards, Light Station, Marine Mammals and Sea Birds, Anchoring, Fishing, Collecting, Research, Diving, Kayaks , Canoes,and Small Boats, Weather, Tides and Currents, Research and Education, Permits– This internet site gives a complete summary of information on the reserve for visitors.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	The Race Rocks Foghorn	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/sounds/foghorn.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	You can download the sound of the old foghorn as it was before 1997.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	Underwater Safari Project at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/safari/safari.htm	.	THE UNDERWATER SAFARI PROJECT In October of 1992, the diving students of Pearson College were able to help with the underwater filming for the Canadian Underwater Safari production. This series of 24 one hour television programs was broadcast live to schools and museum audiences across Canada and the US on the Anik E2 Satellite. Since that time the programs have been broadcast across the world. We have made available at this location some of the unique unerwater footage which was taken by the photographer Darryl Bainbridge. The project was an experiment in using technology along with many volunteer hours to help to bring the fragile ecology of this unique area to the world. Our thanks to B.C.Parks for the intial funding to launch the production. The Royal B.C. Museum and its staff , Shaw Cable, BCSystems, BC Tel and many volunteers who provided assistance with this project.	Jason Reid, a Pearson College Diver stares down the wolf eel on live televised footage at the time of the Underwater Safari Project.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	Biology Class doing Intertidal Transects at Race Rocks- 1997	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/tidepool/biotran/biotran.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Work on peg #15 .. Largely photographic, but it links to other quantitative data on the intertidal transects	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1995	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Transect File	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/transect/transrrk.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is a web site devoted to recording photographic records of transect information so that it can be analyzed with a computer. Three photographic strips taken in 1995 in the intertidal zone near peg#5 at Race Rocks are the samples included.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	Research at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/admin/erpropos.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	An account of some of the recent projects at Race Rocks.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1998	Rare Observations at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/rare/rare.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is a file we keep on the internet of rare occurrences at Race Rocks. Examples are: Brown Pelicans, the gastropod mollusk “Opalia. sp.”, the Northern Fur Seal, and a rare land plant, Romanzoffia tracyi.	.
		CoastWatch Students and Garry Fletcher	1997	The Schools Project	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/cw/schools/school.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	An account of the Schools project , which is conducted each spring by the Divers at Pearson College. Links to the schedule, whale exercise and description of the stations on the field trip.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	Dr. Anita Brinckmann-Voss – The hydroid file	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/hydroid/anitabv.htm	.	Since 1986, Dr. Anita Brinckmann-Voss has assisted the students and faculty of Lester Pearson College with her understanding of marine invertebrate ecology and her expertise in the taxonomy of hydroids. These small colonial animals, the alternate stage of the life-cycle of jellyfish, occur in rich profusion underwater at the Race Rocks Marine Ecological Reserve.When the original species list was done for the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Proposal, in 1979, only 2 hydroids had been included on our species list. Now over 60 species have been identified by Anita and she continues to assist students with research projects while she furthers her research on specimens from the island. Anita has established long term research plots in a tidepool at the reserve and documents the distribution of hydroids underwater with the assistance of students and faculty in the Diving program at Lester B. Pearson College.	A file containing references and photographs of some of the work of Anita Voss at Race Rocks. Also included are examples of biotic associations of hydroids with other invertebrates.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.,	1997	Ecological Niche , The Empirical Model	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/transect/econiche/econiche.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This web site is a suggestion for a field lab on ecological niches of organisms. Photos from Race Rocks intertidal zone are used as a sample of the process — level Grade 11-12 and up.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1998	The Race Rocks Physical Data File	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/data/data.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This file is for linking to a number of sites with current and past records and predictions of physical factors	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	Underwater 3D at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/roxview/roxview.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The image of underwater topography of the Race Rocks MPA on this site was made by Terra Surveys of Sidney, B.C.	.
		Brinckmann-Voss – Anita	1990	Permit Reports and Correspondence for Hydroid research	.	.	.	.	22	.	593.55 Bri P	None available– See Comments or Links	Included are copies of some of the permit applications made by Anita Voss for her work in conjunction with the Pearson College Diving Students and Faculty at Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. Also included are the draft materials for her paper on the tidepool #6 .- Seasonality of hydroids— Species lists are included. Entries span 1986 to 1890	rreoref/manage1.htm
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	The Group Four Science Project at Race Rocks – 1997	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/GRP4/gr4frameset.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Ecological Reserves Branch.	1995	B.C. Ecological Reserves Brochure and map	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/brochur2.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Introduction to Ecological reserves in BC Listing of 131 reserves and a map as to the distribution in 1993.	.
		Ecological Reserves Branch	1995	Race Rocks Ecological Reserves #97 Publications List	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The ecological reserves office of the Provincial Department of Lands and Parks have since the inception of the reserve in 1980 kept a copy of all reports done that relate to research done on the reserve. At present this is housed at the Parks Office at 700 Johnson Street in Victoria.. All the records from this site have been added to this database . Copies of the reports will be available also at both libraries.	.
		Hawkes -Michael W	1994	Conserving Marine Ecosystems: Are British Columbia’s Marine Protected Areas Adequate? (Chapter 28)	Biodiversity in British Columbia	Editor: Harding, Lee E. , McCullum, Emily	.	.	393-410	rrrefer/biodch28/biodiversitychapt28.htm	577.7 Haw	None available– See Comments or Links	(From page 399) Race Rocks ( Ecological Reserve # 97 ) in the Strait of Juan de Fuca has the most protected status of any marine protected area in the province. It is closed ( by the department of Fisheries and Oceans) to the commercial and recreational harvesting of all marine life except for recreational (sport) fishing of salmon and halibut. The reasoning behind this decision is that salmon and halibut are migratory finfish and therefore transient in the reserve, so closing these fisheries in the reserve will do nothing to conserve the species. However accidental catch of resident fish in the reserve , especially rockfish , is a matter of concern.	rrrefer/biodch28/p232complete.htm
		Dickins- David, British Columbia Env. Emergencies and Coastal Protection	1990	Oil Spill Atlas	Oil spill response atlas for the southwest coast of Vancouver Island	Editor: D. Dickens	.	.	.	.	628.1686 Oil	None available– See Comments or Links	NOTES: Includes bibliographical references. SUBJECT: Environmental protection–British Columbia–Vancouver Island–Maps. SUBJECT: Oil spills–Environmental aspects–British Columbia–Vancouver Island–Maps. SUBJECT: Oil pollution of the sea–Environmental aspects–British Columbia–Vancouver Island–Maps.	.
		Holbrook- J.R. et al	1980	Circulation in the Strait of Juan de Fuca : recent oceanographic observations in the eastern basin	.	.	.	.	.	.	551.47 Hol	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Frisch- Shelby, Holbrook- James	1978	HF RADAR measurements in Eastern Juan de Fuca	HF radar measurements of circulation in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca (August, 1978)	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The results of the harmonic analysis of data from 95 tide stations and 90 current stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca Strait of Georgia system are presented in the form of tables, cotidal and corange charts, and charts illustrating the relationships between various tidal constituents. The implications of these results relative to the tidal hydrodynamics of the system are discussed generally. Methods of analysis are described. A physical description of the area is also given along with approximate values of transport through key cross sections.Since the fall of 1973 the National Ocean Survey (NOS) has been carrying out detailed circulatory surveys in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, and connecting waterways. The object of these surveys (six of which have been completed at the writing of this report) has been the acquisition of tide, current, and salinity and temperature data at numerous locations and depths, along with weather data such as wind, sea level pressure, and air temperature. Analysis of these data is expected to provide an accurate and detailed description of water movement in this area, as well as further theoretical insight into the causes of this water movement. The need for increased understanding of the Strait of Juan de Fuca Strait of Georgia system is due in part to the increased oil tanker traffic from the Trans-Alaskan pipeline to the several refineries in this area and in Puget Sound to the south (connected to the Strait of Juan de Fuca by Admiralty Inlet). Damage to the marine environment from oil spill could have serious detrimental effects on the large salmon and shellfish industries and on the even larger commercial fishing and recreation industries. A better understanding of the water movement in this area is expected to minimize the consequences of oil spillage and maximize the effectiveness of cleanup operations. It will also provide information relevant to municipal pollution problems, coastal zone management, and navigation. The data from these surveys (officially designated, OPR-509, Puget Sound Approaches) have come mainly from the eastern half of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Admiralty Inlet, the southern end of the Strait of Georgia, and the connecting waterways. This area is the most dynamically complicated portion of the system. These data have been supplemented with historical NOS data from this same area and from the western half of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, along with Canadian data along Vancouver Island and in the northern Strait of Georgia. This report presents the results of the harmonic analysis of 95 tide stations and 90 current stations from the Strait of Georgia-Strait of Juan de Fuca system. The results are presented in tables, cotidal and corange charts, and charts illustrating the relationships between various tidal constituents. The implications of these results relative to the tidal hydrodynamics of the system are discussed generally. Mathematical explanations and descriptions are included in a later report. Approximate transport values across key cross sections are also provided.	.
		Nyblade -Carl F.	1978	The intertidal and shallow subtidal benthos of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, spring 1976 -winter 1977	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Vanderhorst-J.R.,	1980	Recovery of Strait of Juan de Fuca intertidal habitat following experimental contamination with oil : second annual report, fall 1979 – winter 1980	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel.	1994	The shared marine waters of British Columbia and Washington a scientific assessment of current status and future trends in resource abundance and environmental quality in the Strait of Juan De Fuca,	.	.	.	.	.	.	577.7 Sha	The British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel was created in 1993 under the 1992 Environmental Cooperation Agreement between British Columbia and Washington state. The panel was asked to evaluate the condition of the marine environment in the Strait of Georgia, Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound region on both sides of the international boundary. For purposes of this report, this region is called the shave waters, and the area in the immediate vicinity of the international boundary is called the transboundary waters.The panel reports to the British Columbia/Washington Environmental Cooperation Council, which was formed as part of the Environmental Cooperation Agreement and which identified water quality on both sides of the boundary as a high-priority issue requiring immediate and joint attention. To guide its inquiries, the panel addressed several questions about natural processes, resource population, contamination and future trends in the area. In early 1994, the panel participated (with a Work Group supporting the Environmental Cooperation Council) in a scientific symposium featuring invited presentations by Canadian and U.S. scientific experts on a broad range of topics. The scientific review papers from this symposium have been published as a separate technical volume and form an important basis for this report. The panel based its recommendations about conditions in the shared waters and proposed remedial actions on scientific evaluation of actual harm done and on the risks that harm will be done, rather than on popular perceptions or political considerations. Where insufficient information is available to evaluate harm and risks, a precautionary approach and additional research are recommended.	The shared marine waters of British Columbia and Washington a scientific assessment of current status and future trends in resource abundance and environmental quality in the Strait of Juan De Fuca, Strait of Georgia, and Puget Sound :British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel.	.
		Chester – Alexander J	1978	Microzooplankton in the surface waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca	.	.	.	.	25	.	592.1776 Che	None available– See Comments or Links Microzooplankton organisms were enumerated from surface seawater samples obtained at three stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca during 13 cruises from 1976 to 1977 (tabulated data appear in Appendix). Ciliates were the most abundant group; maximum concentrations exceeded 10,000 liter. The ciliate community was composed almost exclusively of oligotrichs, tintinnids, and the gymnostome species, Mesodinium rubrum. These groups made up an average of 60%, 10%, and 30%, respectively, of the total ciliate numbers at each station. Twenty-six tintinnid species and 15 oligotrich species were identified during the 2-year study. The population peaks of most of these organisms coincided with periods of high biological activity during spring and summer. Certain species, however, such as the tintinnid Stenosemella ventricosa, were most common during winter months. The ecological role of oligotrichs and tintinnids as particle grazers is distinguished from that of M. rubrum, a ciliate deriving its nutrition from photosynthetic endosymbionts.	NOAA technical report ERL-PMEL-	.
		Sutherland, I. R.	1989	Kelp inventory, 1988 : Juan de Fuca Strait	Fisheries Development Report -No 35	.	.	.	18	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	(Fisheries development report. no. 35.) Six folded maps in pocket. 17 pages Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nereocystis luetkeana–Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C. and Wash.) 2. Macrocystis integrifolia–Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C. and Wash.) 3. Nereocystis luetkeana–British Columbia. 4. Macrosystis integrifolia–British Columbia. I .British Columbia. Aquaculture and Commercial Fisheries Branch.	.
		Parker- Bruce B	1977	Tidal hydrodynamics in the Strait of Juan de Fuca – Strait of Georgia	(NOAA technical report ; NOS 69) Item 208-B-7. S/N 003-021-000165.	.	.	.	56	.	551.4708 Par	None available– See Comments or Links	1. Tides–Juan de Fuca (Strait). 2. Tides–Georgia, Strait of. I. National Ocean Survey. Office of Marine Surveys and Maps. II. United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.	.
		LeBlond – Paul H.	1987	A Review of the impact of Unmanning Western Region Lightstations A review of the impact of unmanning western region light stations: final report	.	.	.	.	30	.	387.155 Lab	This report reviews the activities of lightkeepers at B.C.’s 41 manned lightstations, with particular emphasis on safety-related services such as weather reporting, search and rescue, and radio communications. The impact of removing the keepers on the functioning of navigational aids and on safety-related services has been assessed through a series of interviews with Canadian Coast Guard officials as well as representatives from other federal government departments and through consultation with the coastal marine community in public meetings and private interviews.Sufficient evidence has been found to conclude that a human presence is not absolutely necessary to keep lights and foghorns functioning at a satisfactory level of reliability; automatic lightstations are already common in Canada and elsewhere. The most significant impact of removal of a lightkeeper is thus to be found on the level of safety-related services provided at a given lightstation. Digests of keepers logs, plans of government departments, availability of alternate resources and users views have been consulted for each type of service (weather, SAR and radio) for each station. Stations have been grouped in four classes according to the assessed impact of unmanning Stations with Medium impact index should be kept manned for now, but their status should be revised in the light of improved technology, especially regarding aviation weather reports and radio communications. These stations are : Ballenas Is., Carmanah Pt., Dryad Pt., Entrance Is., Ivory Is., Merry Is., Race Rocks, Sand Heads, Saturna Is., Scarlett Pt., Sisters Is., Triple Is., and Chatham Pt. É	.	.
		Collias – Eugene E. McGary v- Noel , Barnes – Clifford A.	1974	Atlas of Physical and Chemical Properties of Puget Sound and Its Approaches	Washington Sea Grant Publication	.	.	.	.	.	551.4601 Col	Objective; Physical and Chemical oceanographic Data from Puget Sound and its approaches have been gathered by the university of Washington since 1932, these data have been published in tabular form and have been catalogued by Collias (1970) , but little of this information has been put into a graphic form that is readily available. This Atlas of Physical and chemical properties of Puget Sound and its Approaches makes such a graphic presentation and provides a convenient and usable reference for defining the major features of water properties in the Sound.	Data and cross sectional charts measured from 1952- Oct 13-16 until Nov. 13 1961 RR no stations occupied until Feb. 16-19 1953 The following Vertical profile charts are made available: Temperature, Salinity, Density, Phosphate, and Oxygen.	.
		Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Task Force on Marine Protected Areas	1990	Marine ecological areas in Canada : perspectives of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Task Force on Marine Protected Areas	(Occasional paper ; no. 9)	Editor:Robert Graham	.	.	194	.	639.95	None available– See Comments or LinksThe Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA) established a task force on marine protected areas in 1988 to : (1) review the Estate of the art of marine and freshwater ecosystem conservation initiatives and possible application of the concept of marine ecological areas to Canada, (2) identify the steps Council could take in promoting the establishment of such reserves and (3) suggest potential guidelines for selection and management of these protected areas. It was agreed at the outset that the efforts of this task force would focus on marine systems and the Great Lakes, leaving the concept of freshwater ecological areas to another study group. There is a growing body of literature and experience in the Great Lakes Area with ‘cross walking’ coastal and freshwater ecological classification systems. These developments should be carefully monitored by Council. The attached papers and contributions represent a review of the state of the art of marine conservation initiatives. It was concluded by the Task Force that marine ecological areas could be implemented in Canada. However, park and protected area managers and planners will have to adjust their models and methods of planning and management (e.g. natural resource inventories) to work with the realities of the marine environment (i.e. an open rather than closed or semi-closed system, numerous patterns of energy exchange that are very large and alter rapidly, a complicated regulatory environment, significant and persistent downstream effects, and approaches to planning and management that allow for controlled sustainable resource use, joint decision making with customary and indigenous users and collaborative forms of both planning and management).	Papers presented at a workshop held in Charlottetown, P.E.I., in August 1988. Includes bibliographical references.	.
		Holbrook, Muench – R.D., Kachel – D.G. , Wright – C., Bath- A. Douglas.	1980	Data record of current observations, volume XV, Juan de Fuca Strait, 1973	Noaa Tech Report	.	.	.	42	.	.	In two field experiments conducted in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca during winter 1977-78 and summer 1978, 3-mo time series measurements of currents, over-the-water winds, shore winds, and water properties were obtained. From these data sets, the principal water motions are identified and described. Over time scales of 4 to 25 h, tidal currents dominate the current fluctuations and account for 58% to 99% of the current variance. Mean flow is characterized by and estuarine circulation that consists of a vigorous two-layer pattern with near-surface velocities directed seaward at 20 to 40 cm/s and deep layer velocities directed landward at 10 cm/s. Although local winds play a minor role in modifying near-surface circulation, coastal storms dramatically affect circulation in the eastern basin. During the winter experiment seven current reversals (up-strait subtidal flow) were observed for periods of 2 to 6 days and had eastward maximum velocities of 20 cm/s. The extent to which coastal winds affect flow in the eastern basin depends on their strength, duration, and direction. The reversals that propagated up-strait at speeds of 20 to 30 cm/s were observed as far as New Dungeness Spit, 135 km east of Cape Flattery. Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR) surface drifter and current measurements during an intensive 4-day study period further delineate the spatial characteristics of a single coastally generated reversal. Although the long-term average near-surface flow is seaward, the effects of tidal currents and coastal storms and the resultant complex pattern of eddies, fronts, and shore-directed currents lead to a regime in which surface pollutants could impact the shore as far east as Whidbey Island.	169 p. : map. 1. Ocean currents–British Columbia–Juan de Fuca Strait. I. Bath, J. F. II. Douglas A. GC281.J8 H8 GC 281 J8 H8 circ c.1 –	.
		Hollister – H.J.	1965	Sea surface temperature and Salinity at Shore Stations along the British Columbia coast during 1965	Fisheries Research Board tech report no 32	.	.	.	50	.	551.4601 Hol 1965	None available– See Comments or Links	All data for Race Rocks is included	.
		Stewart- Robert J. , Pease -Carol-H.	1978	A comparison of the MESA-Puget Sound oil spill model with wind and current observations from August 1978	U.S. EPA report	.	.	.	.	.	551.4763 Ste	This report compares the winds and currents observed in August 1978 in the Strait of Juan de Fuca with simulated wind and current fields taken from the MESA-Puget Sound oil spill model. This model is described in a companion report, Pease (in press). A method is developed for relating these errors in velocity to uncertainties in predicted position. The tidal current subprogram of the oil spill model is shown to reduce the uncertainty in trajectory position by an amount that is somewhere in the range of 50% to 90% of the total uncertainty that can be caused by ignorance of the tides. It is also shown that the uncertainty in trajectory position is strongly affected by our inability to predict the baroclinic motions in the region. Over time less than 10 hours, the dispersion is mainly tidal, and the tidal current subprogram contributes significantly to the prediction of position. After 10 hours, however, the bulk of the dispersion is due to the low-frequently (periods longer than a week) baroclinic motions. These baroclinic motions are poorly understood, and a program of basic research directed at illuminating their causes and statistical properties is called for, if predictions are to be made over periods longer than 10 hours. The regional wind model developed by Overland, Hitchman, and Han (1979) and used as a subprogram in the model is compared with wind observations from a short period of time. We conclude that the selection of a master station for use in scaling the pattern strength cannot be done in an arbitrary fashion. We also find that the repertoire of patterns presently available in the program library is not sufficiently comprehensive to allow reliable modeling of the surface wind.	prepared for Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry, Office of Research and Development, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. Seattle, WA : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ; Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology ; Springfield, Va. : National Technical Information Service, [distributor], 1981. vii, 54 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Interagency energy-environment R&D program report ; EPA-600/7-80-168) October 1980;–Cover. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; August 1980.Bibliography: p. 32-33.1. MESA Puget Sound Project. 2. Tidal currents–Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C. and Wash.) 3.<BR> Winds–Observations. I.Pease, Carol H. II.Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (U.S.) III.United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology. IV.Mesa Puget Sound Project. V.A comparison of the M.E.S.A.-Puget Sound oil spill model with wind and current observations from August 1978. Holdings (See footnote for additional information)<BR> <BR> Vancouver Public Library:<BR> 628.16833 S85c <BR>	.
		Spalding D.J.	1964	Comparative feeding Habits of the Fur Seal, Sea Lion, and Harbour Seal on the British Columbia Coast	Bulletin No. 146	.	.	.	.	.	599.5 Spa	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration	1968	Conference on the Matter of Pollution of the Navigable Waters of Puget Sound, The Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Their Tributaries and Estuaries Transcript of proceedings [second session]	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	3 v. illus. Conference held Sept. 6-7, 1967 and Oct. 6, 1967. First session held Jan.16 and 17, 1962. Cover title: Proceedings, second session. 1. Water–Pollution–Washington (State)–Puget Sound. 2. Water–Pollution–Washington	.
		Brewer- William A.	1978	Evidence on Puget Sound and Straits of Juan de Fuca vessel traffic associated with crude and refined petroleum	Regional Program report	.	78	.	29	.	387.5448 Bre	Existing patterns of Tanker Traffic in the Greater Puget Sound area are described. The total volume of crude oil and products in transit on greater Puget Sound waters is estimated at 650,000 barrels per day in late 1977. The number of crude tanker arrivals is estimated to be 200 per year. The number of loaded product tanker transits of the Sound area is estimated at 360 per year.Vessel characteristics of world trade tankers likely to be calling at Puget Sound ports are reviewed. Although there has never been a major spill in the area the expected composite oil spill rate is .004% of oil carried by the fleet, projected to occur on or within 50 miles of Puget Sound. The Alaskan fleet characteristics are compared with the above fleet and a somewhat lower composite spill rate is forecast. The most significant growth potential, other than transshipment of crude oil, is in the export of refined products to California, Alaska or Hawaii. The effect on tanker traffic patterns from proposed transshipment of crude oil through oil ports at Cherry Point, Port Angeles and Kitimat is projected. Under various assumptions projected traffic ranges from 308 to 360 arrivals per year at Kitimat with a throughput of 700,000 barrels per day.	The results of the harmonic analysis of data from 95 tide stations and 90 current stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca Strait of Georgia system are presented in the form of tables, cotidal and corange charts, and charts illustrating the relationships between various tidal constituents. The implications of these results relative to the tidal hydrodynamics of the system are discussed generally. Methods of analysis are described. A physical description of the area is also given along with approximate values of transport through key cross sections. Since the fall of 1973 the National Ocean Survey (NOS) has been carrying out detailed circulatory surveys in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, and connecting waterways. The object of these surveys (six of which have been completed at the writing of this report) has been the acquisition of tide, current, and salinity and temperature data at numerous locations and depths, along with weather data such as wind, sea level pressure, and air temperature. Analysis of these data is expected to provide an accurate and detailed description of water movement in this area, as well as further theoretical insight into the causes of this water movement. The need for increased understanding of the Strait of Juan de Fuca Strait of Georgia system is due in part to the increased oil tanker traffic from the Trans-Alaskan pipeline to the several refineries in this area and in Puget Sound to the south (connected to the Strait of Juan de Fuca by Admiralty Inlet). Damage to the marine environment from oil spill could have serious detrimental effects on the large salmon and shellfish industries and on the even larger commercial fishing and recreation industries. A better understanding of the water movement in this area is expected to minimize the consequences of oil spillage and maximize the effectiveness of cleanup operations. It will also provide information relevant to municipal pollution problems, coastal zone management, and navigation.The data from these surveys (officially designated, OPR-509, Puget Sound Approaches) have come mainly from the eastern half of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, including Admiralty Inlet, the southern end of the Strait of Georgia, and the connecting waterways. This area is the most dynamically complicated portion of the system. These data have been supplemented with historical NOS data from this same area and from the western half of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, along with Canadian data along Vancouver Island and in the northern Strait of Georgia. This report presents the results of the harmonic analysis of 95 tide stations and 90 current stations from the Strait of Georgia-Strait of Juan de Fuca system. The results are presented in tables, cotidal and corange charts, and charts illustrating the relationships between various tidal constituents. The implications of these results relative to the tidal hydrodynamics of the system are discussed generally. Mathematical explanations and descriptions are included in a later report. Approximate transport values across key cross sections are also provided. 1. Tankers–Washington (State)–Puget Sound. 2. Tankers–Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C. and Wash.) 3. Petroleum–Transportation–Washington (State)–Puget Sound. 4. Petroleum–Transportation–Juan de Fuca Strait (B.C. and Wash.)	.
		Fiddy – Kent	1974	The Juan de Fuca oil spill contingency study	.	.	.	.	91	.	363.7382 Fid	The Strait of Juan de Fuca Oil Spill Contingency Study was initiated with the following in mind. First, that any oil spill in the waters adjacent could best be combated with specific information on the affected area. Second, that such information be immediately available to both the Environmental Protection Service, and the on-the-scene coordinator of the Department of Transport.Consequently, this study established two areas of priority. First to assemble a detailed physical resource inventory of the numerous recreational beaches in the area between Otter Point (west of Sooke) and Port San Juan at the western most entrance of Jean de Fuca Strait. This physical inventory was to establish the principal characteristics of each beach, i.e. ; exposed width at high and low tides, beach type and composition, detailed land and air photography, moorage possibilities, land and water access, shore-line features, marine and wildlife features and the ‘use’ patterns of each beach. Secondly, to assemble a detailed human and countermeasures resource inventory. This inventory would establish the availability and extent of manpower and equipment within each area. In the event that an oil spill should occur, the Department of Transport would then have specific information regarding the equipment locally available as well as the manpower to operate it. As time is often the essential factor in the fight against oil spills, the value of such information is obvious.	.	.
		Walmsley – Dee	1998	Oil Spill, What have We got To Lose? Part 3 of The Oil Spill Trilogy	Boundary Bay Oil Spill Trilogy	Editor:Dee Walmsley	.	.	.	.	Video 363.7382.Wal	None available– See Comments or Links	An interview with Stafford Reid B.C. Environment ministry and Garry Fletcher of Lester Pearson College on the effects of Oil on intertidal and pelagic organisms. The interveiw takes place at Witty’s lagoon,, Taylor beach and Race Rocks ecological Reserve on Southern Vancouver island. Parts of the intertidal zone, including patches of goose neck barnacles and tidepools are shown.	.
		Copping- Andrea Elizabeth	1994	British Columbia/Washington Marine Science Panel Shared waters : the vulnerable inland sea of British Columbia and Washington	.	.	.	.	24	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Cannings – Syd	1997	Race Rocks Ecological reserve	The log- Friends of Ecological reserves)	.	fall	.	4-5	.	577.7 Can	None available– See Comments or Links	The annual Friends of Ecological reserves field trip to Race Rocks.	.
		Grant – Peter	1996	Race Rocks B & B	The Log — Friends of ecological reserve newsletter	.	fall 1966	.	8	.	577.7 Eco R	None available– See Comments or Links	A report of a field trip of Friends of Ecological Reserves	.
		Graham – Donald	1996	Twilight of the Island Gods	The Georgia Strait	.	30	1499	5 pages	.	387.155 Gra	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Hewett – Shirley	1996	The Race – A proposal for government and Community co–operation could save Race Rocks from poachers and pollution	Monday Magazine	.	22	48	8-10	.	577.7 Rac P	None available– See Comments or Links	A summary of several years of attempt by Lester Pearson College to secure a protected future for Race Rocks with the onset of coastguard destaffing of the island	.
		Hewett – Shirley	1996	Province plays Tortoise at “the Race”	Monday magazine	.	Dec 19	.	.	.	577.7 Hew	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		B.C.Government Survey	1997	Survey Plan of District Lot 151 , Metchosin District	.	.	.	.	.	rrmaps/geospat.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is a survey done for the Coast Guard when the area around the tower that was to be retained in a lease from provincial Lands Dept was being defined B.C.G.S.92B023 scale 1:500	.
		Zacharias – Mark A., Howes – Don E.	1998	An Analysis of Marine Protected Areas In British Columbia, Canada Using a Marine Ecological Classification	Natural Areas Journal	.	18	1	4-13	.	577.7 Zac	This paper presents an analysis of marine protected areas in British Columbia using the recently created British Columbia Marine Ecological Classification. The classification is hierarchical in nature and delineates provincial marine areas into 12 “ecosections” based on biophysical characteristics, and 619 “ecounits” based on current, depth, exposure, relief, and substrate. Protected areas were assessed as a percentage of total marine area and shoreline length for each ecosection and ecounit. Results indicate that 1.25% of British Columbia’s marine areas have some degree of protection. If the abyssal (> 1,000 m ) regions are excluded, this number rises to 4.22%. For British Columbia’s 29,489 km of shoreline, 14.36% is protected is some way. Results also indicate that high exposure, high current, and hard substrate environments have greater representation than other areas. The British Columbia Marine Ecological Classification is also being used as a tool in the establishment of marine reserves based on a representative ecosystems approach, and it is being used in the development of a GAP analysis methodology for marine environments.	Complete article included in collection	.
		BC Parks	1997	Marine System Management	BC PARKS Conservation Management Part1 Conservation Program Policies	.	Sept.	.	mm3- mm9	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	BC Parks manages a system of parks and ecological areas with a marine component. According to the World Centre for marine Conservation , ” marine protected areas are a crucial tool in almost any overall strategy for saving, studying and sustainably using marine biological diversity.” BC Parks ‘challenge is increased by the numerous provincial and federal jurisdictions that manage the marine environment. This section outlines the policies under which BC Parks will manage the marine Environment within British Columbia’s park and ecological reserve system. The direction has come from several sources, including work undertaken by the Coastal Resource3 Strategy Study Team, the Marine Protected Areas Working group and the federal government’s National Marine Conservation Areas Policy .	.
		Race Rocks Lightkeepers	1999	Archival Entries about Race Rocks in the 1870’s	.	Editor:Garry Fletcher	.	.	.	.	577.7 Fle As	None available– See Comments or Links	This represents copies of papers from the B.C. provincial Archives in Victoria containing references to the early years Contents: Letters of 21st of Jan and the 22nd of Jan 1873 Letters form Dept of Fisheries to the Police and a letter from Police Superintendent to the Attorney General requesting whether convicts would be allowed to work as labor at Race Rocks. Receipt of the 4th of Jan 1872 from Thomas Argyle , lightkeeper stating the receiving of a list of food supplies. Meteorological report in detail for the month of December, 1871 .	.
		Baird-Robin W., Stacey- Pam	1991	Transient Killer Whale Predation	The Friends of Ecological Reserves Newsletter	.	August	.	8	.	595.5 Bai Tr	Most analyses of the relationship between group size and food intake of social carnivores have shown a discrepancy between the group size that maximizes energy intake and that which is most frequently observed. Around southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, killer whales of the so-called transient form forage in small groups, and appear to prey exclusively on marine mammals. Between 1986 and 1993, in approximately 434 h of observations on transient killer whales, we observed 138 attacks on five species of marine mammals. Harbor seals were most frequently attacked (130 occasions), and the observed average energy intake rate was more than sufficient for the whales energetic needs. Energy intake varied with group size, with groups of three having the highest energy intake rate per individual. While groups of three were most frequently encountered, the group size experienced by an average individual in the population (i.e., typical group size) is larger than three. However, comparisons between observed and expected group sizes should utilize only groups engaged in the behavior of interest. The typical size of groups consisting only of adult and subadult whales that were engaged primarily in foraging activities confirms that these individuals are found in groups that are consistent with the maximization of energy intake hypothesis. Larger groups may form for (1) the occasional hunting of prey other than harbor seals, for which the optimal foraging group size is probably larger than three; and (2) the protection of calves and other social functions. Key words: dispersal, foraging, group hunting, harbor seals, killer whales, optimal group size, social structure. [Behav Ecol 7:408-416 (1996].	This report is on “Research on the abundance and behavior of transient killer whales around southern Vancouver island which has been ongoing since 1987	.
		Olesiuk -Peter , Bigg- Michael A. , Ellis -Graeme M.	1990	Recent trends in the Abundance of Harbour Seals, Phoca vitulina , in British Columbia	Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.	.	47	.	992-1003	.	595.4 Ole	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Baird-Robin W. – Stacey, Pam J.	1988	Foraging and feeding behavior of transient killer Whales	Whalewatcher	.	Spring	.	11-15	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“The area around Victoria , an area which transients frequent , has many year-round harbour seal colonies and a seasonal sea lion haulout at Race Rocks Ecological reserve .” Table 1 shows the Summary of Transients observed during the study 1984 to 1988.	.
		Baird-Robin W.- Stacey – Pam J.	1988	Variation in saddle patch pigmentation in populations of killer Whales from British Columbia, Alaska, Washington State.	Can . J. Zool	.	66	.	2582-2585	.	599.536 Bai V	Patterns of pigmentation of the post dorsal fin patch, or saddle patch, were analyzed from photographs of 372 resident and 99 transient killer whales (Orcinus orca) from British Columbia, Alaska, and Washington State. Of the five types of saddle patch analyzed, all were observed on residents, but only two occurred on transients. Differences in saddle patch shapes were independent of age and sex. Saddle patch pigmentation patterns were similar among clans within a community. Pigmentation patterns differed significantly between the resident and transient forms, between northern and southern residents, between northern and Alaskan residents, and between southern and Alaskan residents. As the saddle patch shape may be heritable to a large degree, these differences suggest genetic isolation of the populations. If so, this technique may be used to delineate stocks of killer whales from other areas.	.	.
		Baird-Robin W.	1987	Can Sea lions “See” Killer Whales?	Victoria Naturalist	.	144	4	9	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“On October 12, 1987 while on a Sea Coast expedition’s Trip to view Sea Lions and other marine life at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve, we witnessed an event which led us to pose many questions concerning the way predators see their prey and vice-versa. A single lone Killer Whale X10 was foraging in the Race Rocks area . This individual is a transient Killer whale , and transients feed primarily no marine mammals – especially harbour seals. ——– However X10 is a slightly abnormal looking individual. The dorsal fin is collapsed over the left side of the body ———As we soon found out, others that day also thought he did not look like a killer whale..”	.
		Maslovat – Carrina	1993	Metchosin Environmental Inventory November 1993	.	.	.	.	.	.	577 Mas	The purpose of producing the inventory was to identify Metchosin’s natural and cultural heritage and to centralize the data at the Metchosin Council office. Data was collected on features of land, fresh water and ocean that are rare, attractive, scientifically interesting or are unique to the environment of Metchosin. Information was collected by interviewing key individuals from within and outside of the community and by assembling published and unpublished sources. The information was manually mapped on 1:5000 municipal maps using colour coded dots and the pertinent data was entered into a data base at the Council Hall. The data base is compatible with the QUIKMAP system used by Doug Mackeroff and therefore can be used to produce an environmental map to accompany the Official Community Plan.The inventory was produced under the guidance of the Environmental Advisory Commission of the Metchosin Council. Stuart Guy acted as the primary supervisor for the production of the inventory. Garry Fletcher, from the Metchosin Environmental Advisory Commission, had collected a large number of sites with ecological features. This foundation was supplemented by interviews with knowledgeable people and by finding sources of information already produced for the Metchosin area. A list of the people who were contacted for this inventory is given in Appendix A. The interviews were conducted with 1:5000 maps to ensure that sites were located accurately. All sources that had information that contributed to the data base are listed in the annotated bibliography. Limited time prevented complete synthesis of less pertinent sources and these are listed under the title of Other Sources in Appendix B. Almost 400 sites were identified in the inventory.	Carrina was hired by the MEAC to bring the inventory up to date. The appendix includes a number of other possible source of information, and further information on the bird observations on Rocky point.	.
		Gates – Brian , Taylor – Keith	1989	Checklist of Birds—Victoria and Southern Vancouver island	.	.	.	.	.	.	598 Gat	None available– See Comments or Links	Lists all seabirds found in the Juan de Fuca Eastern Entrance Area	.
		Hewlitt – Stephanie	1995	Steller’s Sea Lion	.	.	.	.	.	.	Video 599.5 Hew	None available– See Comments or Links	May 24, Footage taken at Race Rocks and aboard the Duen – Sea Lions on the rocks and being observed by school children in the Pearson College Schools program, May 1995 Also interview with UBC Researcher Dr. Andrew Trice, working on Sea Lions at Vancouver Aquarium — also shows sea lions swimming in underwater viewing gallery at the aquarium. Footage at Race Rocks of sea lion stampede into the water– researcher explaining nutrition experiments, Energy consumption experiments — food need in the wild .. Fisheries fleet suggested to be in competition – hake and Pollock take. In North Pacific, the decline of sea lions from 300,000 to 100,000 — Claims that some areas with large fisheries still have good sea lion populations. Feeding experiments with different fish species to see whether one species source is better than another. Study being funded by sea food industry. ” How many of these students realize they are looking at a species that is not only threatened and endangered but symptomatic of a marine imbalance which science is trying to correct.? “	.
		Simonsen – Bjorn , Peacock – Sandra, Haggerty -James, Secter – Jonathan, Duerden – Frank	1997	First Nations Land and Resource Use : Marine Resources	Report of the First Nations Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Consultation	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/bamber/3.htm	333.72 Bri	3.4.4 Marine Resources Marine resources, as noted above, formed a fundamental component of traditional lifeways, and remain important to contemporary First Nations people. They are discussed in this study of the Bamberton project because, as mentioned in the introductory section, the peoples of the Saanich Inlet recognize the close relationship between the land and the sea. They, perhaps more than any other group, have witnessed first-hand the impacts of development on the marine resources of the Saanich Inlet, impacts which have directly and drastically altered their traditional lifeways.Information obtained during community interviews reveals a wide variety of fish, shellfish and other invertebrates, waterfowl and marine mammals were utilized throughout the seasons. Those collected from the Saanich Inlet are identified in Table 8. Aside from their obvious use as food, marine resources also served as medicines and as ritual foods associated with ceremonial activities. The cultural significance of these resources is reflected in the places names associated with the procurement of marine resources throughout the Saanich Inlet (see discussion in Section 3).	Scroll down to part 3.4.4 and table 8 . This is one part of the chapter on the First Nations Cultural Heritage Study done on the Bamberton Project. This lengthy document with attached appendices, contains an up- to date survey of the First Nations use of Coastal Marine Resources. The complete resource is also available on the Home page of the Environmental Assessment Office of the B.C.Environment Ministry. See the internet link for comlete version.	http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/saanich/sisrofnc.html/a>
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	Midday: Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	5 minutes	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	VHS Footage taken at Race Rocks in 1996 which was put together for the program Hometown Video. Footage of Dr. Anita Brinckmann- Voss is included .	.
		Goldberg, Betsy	1996	Race Rocks Lighthouse	.	.	.	.	3 minutes	.	Video 387.155 Rac R	None available– See Comments or Links	Pearson College students and Garry Fletcher at Race Rocks — details the problems of Pearson College in getting protection for the area. Shows Mike Slater taking water samples. Views from tower. Students speaking about what the area means to them.	.
		Kirkpatrick , Bruce	1998	Race Rocks on Nanaimo Report	.	.	.	.	approx. 20 minutes	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Trev and Flo Anderson with Bruce Kirkpatrick at Race Rocks. They talk about life on the island from 1966-1982 over 2000 visitors a year — Flo is interviewed about her book Lighthouse chronicles. Comments about the dangers of Race Passage. Sea lions footage — noted few in 1966 most would come in January. Interview with Trev at the top of the tower. Talked of building the Wawa a seven year project on the island. Now retired and living in Sidney, Vancouver Island. Concludes with interview with Garry Fletcher — refers to the new status of Pilot Marine Protected Area.	.
		Royal B. C. Museum	1992	The Canadian Underwater Safari	.	.	.	.	58 minutes	.	Video 577.7 Can	None available– See Comments or Links	This is one of the 24 programs in the underwater safari program. Footage of octopus in a tank with Jim Cosgrove answering questions, Gordon Green, Phil Lambert, Garry Fletcher and Jim Darling also give commentary. Live underwater footage of harbour seal , and wolf eel with LBPC student Jason Reid , kelp greenling, sea stars. Also included is a disabled diver sequence. This set of programs were made possible by the volunteer contribution of many organizations. Darryl Bainbridge was the underwater photographer.	.
		Hydrographic and Survey agencies	1999	Charts and maps of the Race Rocks Area– A link to a separate Geo-Spatial table	.	.	.	.	.	frmGeoSpatial References	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A linked form containing the available Geo-Spatial references of the Race Rocks Area	.
		Hagler- Bailly Consulting Inc.David F. Dickens Associates,	1995	Benefit-Cost Analysis of Expediting the Schedule for Double-Hulling Oil Tankers and barges operating in and near British Columbia Waters.	.	.	.	.	114	.	387.5448	This report provides a benefit-cost analysis of accelerating the current schedules for double-hulling oil tankers and barges operating in three transport sectors on the west coast of British Columbia. These three transport sectors comprise approximately 84% of the annual regional petroleum shipments by volume and 72% of the annual trips posing risk to British Columbia’s west coast, and include : – Canadian barges carrying bunker oil and refined petroleum product – Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) crude oil tankers – crude oil tankers operating on foreign routes. #Error	Spill Scenarios for the Strait of Juan de Fuca referred to in section 2-3	.
		Radcliffe – Gillian , Porter – Glen , Teversham – Jan	1994	Ecological Assessment of Department of National Defense Properties (C.F.B. Esquimalt ) Vancouver Island	.	.	.	.	57 pages	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Contains the best ecological overview of the adjacent DND lands on the Southern end on Vancouver Island. Both Mary Hill in Pedder Bay (178 ha) and CFAD Rocky Point (1078 ha) are represented. Ecosystems of the sites were classified and maps –( maps included in appendix) The appendix lists a set of Contacts and Appendix II has a detailed listing of the vegetation Analysis for the areas.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1989	Fisheries Closure in Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	6	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This includes the correspondence leading up to the decision of Fisheries and the action of Ron Kehl, Fisheries officer in Victoria in 1990 to declare a closure in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. This closure was the first such closure for any Marine Ecological Reserve in British Columbia.	.
		Grant – Peter	1986	The Friend’s Annual General meeting and Trip to Race Rocks	Friends of Ecological reserves Newsletter	Editor:Peter Grant	7	1	2	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The cover photo and article comment on the annual field trip to Race Rocks.	.
		Cooke – Brent	1978	Exploring Below the Waves	Beautiful British Columbia	.	Winter 20	3	9 pages	rrphotos/exploring.jpg	.	None available– See Comments or Links	About Diving — good color photographs of underwater life . Basket star. Link is to the first page of the article.	.
		Lamont – Colin	1996	Keepers of the Light	This Country Canada	.	Summer	11	11	rrrefer/137.jpg	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Large colored pictures and good historical information	.
		McDaniel, Neil	1989	Great Race	Diver magazine	.	June	.	21-23	rrrefer/138.jpg	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Great Race Diving in the strong tidal waters off Race Rocks, rugged outpost in Jaun de Fuca Strait Diving. 3 p. Article on diving off Race Rocks ecological reserve, B.C. Good color pictures and clear descriptions of do’s and donít’s for divers in ecological reserves.	rrrefer/138-2.jpg
		Obee – Bruce	.	These are Special Places; You Can Only Love them	Beautiful British Columbia	.	Spring	.	34-39	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	On page 38 mention of Pearson College’s role in the reserve. Also a photo of Jane Watson.	.
		Cribb – James M.	1981	Race Rocks	Westworld	.	7	4	61-62	rrrefer/140.jpg	.	None available– See Comments or Links	An early publication dealing with the designation of the Ecological reserve. “Race Rocks: ecological reserve status now protects some of the most diverse and spectacular marine organisms on our coast.”	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1980	The Beginnings of the Race Passage Current Tables	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Letters describing the initial proposal and design of the current meter that was deployed in 1981. From the , the Race Passage tables are now published annually in The Canadian Tides and Currents booklet.	.
		Ecological Reserves Program	1992	Race Rocks	Guide To Ecological Reserves in British Columbia	.	.	.	2- 97a – 2- 97b	.	577.7 Rac	None available– See Comments or Links	A map and a description of each ecological reserve is given. Biotic feature are summarized . Exact coordinates are given	.
		Simenstad – C.A., Kinney – W.J., Miller, s.m.	1980	Epibenthic zooplankton assemblages at select sites along the Strait of Juan de Fuca	NOAA technical Mem-ERL-MESA-46	.	.	.	.	.	.	Since 1974 the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE) and NOAA-MESA Puget Sound Project Office have been conducting biological baseline studies in north Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the potential effects of increased petroleum transport and refining activities in the region. These studies have focused principally on littoral and shallow sublittoral benthos, nearshore fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, offshore phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages, and nearshore food web structure (Gardner 1978; Mar. Ecosystem. Analysis. Prog. 1978). One of the main objectives was to provide information on the trophic relationships and food web structure of the biotic communities most vulnerable to pollution or which could be involved in transfer or bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons.The nearshore fish and food web investigations by Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) have indicated that epibenthic zooplankton are significant prey resources for the majority of nearshore fishes (Miller et al. 1977, in press; Simenstad et al. 1977; Cross et al. 1978) and also for many seabirds and shorebirds (Simenstad et al. 1979). The community structure and abundance of epibenthic zooplankton were not well documented in these studies, however, due to the initial emphasis of sampling infaunal and sessile organism (Nyblade 1977, 1978; Smith and Webber 1978; Smith 1979; Webber 1979). The importance of epibenthic zooplankton as principal components of the region’s food webs, responsible for the important transfer of detrital carbon to higher trophic levels, requires that this critical data gap be addressed-especially if we are to understand how trophic relationships between economically or ecologically important fish and their prey resources are effected by pollution.	.	.
		Pashinski-DJ.,Charnell- R.L.	1979	Recovery Record for the surface drift cards released in the Puget Sound- Strait of Juan de Fuca System during Calendar Years 1976-1977	NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL -14	.	.	.	25	.	551.4763 Pas	The Puget Sound Drift Program released 5000 polypropylene drift cards in the Puget Sound and Strait of Juan de Fuca system between April 1976 and July 1977. By November 1977, 1,470 replies had been processed. These replies were analyzed statistically as well as descriptively. Winds with time scales varying from hours to weeks, as a function of system spatial constraints, have been found to be the dominant factor influencing the grounding of drifters. The migration of the drifters was consistent with a mean estuarine flow of 6 km per day with a superimposed dispersive component of 7 km per day. The average time a drifter was waterborne, likewise a function of system spatial constraints, ranged from less than 1 day in Puget Sound to greater than 3 days in the Strait of Juan de Fuca.	Included are most of the pages pertaining to the Eastern entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Several pages with the trajectories of drift card are included.	.
		Hollister- H.J.	1966	Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity at Shore Stations along the British Columbia coast during 1966	Fisheries research Board of Canada Technical report #82	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	See also database by Ron Perkin	.
		Zeh – Judith, Houghton – Jonathan P.	1981	Evaluation of Existing Marine Intertidal and Shallow Subtidal Biologic Data	Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program Report	.	.	.	.	.	.	In the past decade, a remarkable number of “baseline” or “benchmark” surveys of littoral communities have been conducted in the marine waters of northwest Washington and elsewhere. This activity has been spurred by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and an increasing awareness of potential environmental consequences of man’s activities in the coastal zone. In general, this type of survey has attempted to obtain replicated quantitative data on species abundance and distribution as well as total animal and/or plant density and weight (biomass), richness, and diversity.The two primary objectives of these surveys typically have been (1) to characterize to nature and perhaps the resource value of communities observed and (2) to provide data that will allow testing of hypotheses regarding factors affecting patterns in space (e.g., habitat, elevation, location effects) or time (e.g., predisturbance/postdisturbance, seasonal, annual effects). The first objective has been accomplished quite adequately by a variety of researchers (Houghton 1973; Houghton and Kite 1978; Nyblade 1977, 1978, 1979a and b; Smith and Webber 1978; Smith 1979; Thom 1978; Wisseman et al. 1978; Webber 1979 and 1980). However, only infrequent attempts have been made at statistical testing of the significance of observed patterns and the suitability of the data obtained for detection of real differences in space or time or for prediction of biological characteristics of assemblages in like habitats at other locations. The work presented in this report represents such an effort using intertidal and shallow subtidal data obtained in two large-scale and long-term sampling programs. The first was founded by the State of Washington Department of Ecology (WCOE), the second by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Puget Sound Project Office of the Marine Ecosystems Analysis (MESA) program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA also administered the study reported in this document.	This report provides a useful model of similar areas where extensive baseline studies have been done in similar adjacent areas	.
		Everitt -Robert D. , Fiscus – Cliffors H.,DeLong -Robert L.	1979	Marine Mammals Of Northern Puget Sound and the Straits of Juan de Fuca	NOAA technical Memorandum ERL MESA-41	.	.	.	.	.	599.5 Eve	None available– See Comments or Links	All references to the Race Rocks populations including aerial survey counts are included. Map of haul out site locations included.	.
		Simenstad – Charles A. , Miler – Bruce S, Nyblade -Carl F.,Thornburgh – Kathleen, Bledsoe -Lewis .	1979	Food Web Relationships of Northern Puget Sound and The Strait of Juan de Fuca –A Synthesis of Available Knowledge	NOAA EPA report	.	.	.	260	.	577.16 Sim	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Vanderhorst-J.R., Blaylock – J.W., Wilkinson- p, Wilkinson -M.,Fellingham -G.	1981	Effects of Experimental Oiling on Recovery of Strait of Juan de Fuca intertidal habitat following experimental contamination with oil : second annual report, fall 1979 – winter 1980	NOAA EPA	.	.	.	.	.	363.7382 Van	Experimental studies of the effects of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the recovery of intertidal infauna and epifauna were conducted in the Strait of Juan de Fuca region of Washington State. The studies experimentally evaluated the effect of oil treatment, site, substrate type, season, and tide level on the composition, density, and species richness of organisms colonizing substrates, which were initially free of organisms. Significant differences for some biological parameters were demonstrated for each of the types of treatment contrasted (site, substrate type, season, tide level, and oil). Significant biological effects were demonstrated to be due to oil treatments for 70% of 56 biological parameters evaluated in detail.Full recovery following contamination with oil was predicted for sediment-borne infauna based on oil retention time and recovery of infauna in unoiled sediments. Full recovery for epifauna on concrete substrates could not be predicted from these studies because of the longer-lived nature of dominant species and differing assumptions about what constitutes full recovery. Predicted full recovery for sand habitats at Sequim Bay and Protection Island was 31 months following an initial oil treatment of 1,800 ppm. Predicted full recovery for a commercial clam bed habitat was 46 months following an initial oil treatment of 2,500 ppm. Density of the principal species of interest on this clam bed (Protothaca staminea) was significantly altered by the oil treatment during the first recruitment season. Because of the longer-lived (compared to the general infauna community) nature of this species, it was predicted that effects on recovery of the species may extend somewhat beyond that for the general infauna community. Best and worst cases for chemical recovery of oiled concrete substrates were three and 13 months. Effects from oiling on recovery is strongly related to feeding types of infauna and epifauna but the influence is different depending on habitat. For the sand habitats, detritivorous and herbivorous species were almost universally influenced by the oiling. Carnivorous species were about evenly divided in their response to the oiling and, with one exception, no significant effect was seen on the recovery of a suspension feeder. For the commercial clam bed, herbivores and suspension feeders were at least as sensitive to the oil treatment as detritivores. For the concrete habitat, detritivores were not sensitive to the effect of oil treatment but herbivores and suspension-feeders were highly sensitive. Based on adjunct MESA studies of trophic relationships, it appears that the severity of the influence on recovery of species in this study could be expected to have a deleterious effect on important fish populations, and that the effect would extend somewhat beyond the 15-month period studied in individual experiments in this program. Retention of oil differed depending on substrate type, tidal height, and initial concentration. Concrete substrates lost oil much more quickly than sediments. Oil was retained longer at higher tide levels than at lower tide levels. Proportionally more oil was retained in sediments initially treated with higher concentrations of oil.	Useful reference about the experimental protocol for predicting recovery times.. Bricks with oiled surface are used placed in different habitats .	.
		Pease -Carol	1980	An Empirical Model For Tidal Currents in Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Southern Strait of Georgia	NOAA EPA report	.	.	.	30?	.	551.4708 Pea	None available– See Comments or Links A computer model of tidal currents in Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, southern Strait of Georgia, and connecting channels was developed in response to a need for tidal current input to pollutant trajectory models and surface drifter analyses. These applications required tidal current information on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and over a region of complex topography. Since the purpose of the algorithm was to provide estimates of tidal currents for assessment problems and not the study of tidal physics, an empirically based modeling method was chosen over a theoretically based method. The model described herein was the result of a multiyear effort, with much of its design and functional characteristics resulting from its historical association with other studies (Pease et al., 1979). Cannon et al., 1978 ; Smyth, 1978 ; and Overland, Hitchman, and Han, 1979). This report documents the model derivation and some associated analysis products.The tidal currents in the Puget basin are strongly influenced by the geography. The region is dominated by a mixed semidiurnal tide, which intricately weaves its way among the channels. The tide in the Strait of Juan de Fuca is characterized as a progressive wave, converting smoothly in the region of the San Juan Islands to nearly a standing wave in the Strait of Georgia (Parker, 1977 ; Thomson, 1975a-d). The tide in Puget Sound also exhibits standing wave properties, although they are not as pronounced as in the Strait of Georgia (NOS, 1977). Eddies formed in the lee of spits and headlands are a common, time-varying feature of the tidal currents in the region. The largest of these occurs on flood in the embayment formed between Race Rocks and Victoria. No major eddy is seen to form on ebb in this area so the tidal current is rectified toward the southwest along the coast. Another major rectification occurs around Vashon Island. On flood the current is directed south along the east side of the island while the west side has weak flow. On ebb the current is directed north along the west side of the island while the east side has weak flow. The net effect is a clockwise, tidally induced circulation about Vashon Island (McGary and Lincoln, 1977). Although the eddy by Victoria and the circulation about Vashon Island are among the largest asymmetries in the region, there are other smaller eccentricities exhibiting horizontal scales equivalent to the size of geographic features forming them.	.	.
		Everitt – Robert D., Fiscus – Clifford H, DeLong Robert L..	1980	Northern Puget Sound Marine Mammals	.	.	.	.	124	.	599.5 Eve	The Strait of Juan de Fuca, the San Juan Islands vicinity, and Puget Sound are unique waterways ideal for commercial and recreational use (Fig. 1). Growth of the human population in this area and continued development, however, have caused increasing concern over potential environmental degradation. Recent concern has been focused on the effect of increasing petroleum transport and associated refining operations on Puget Sound. The development of Alaska’s oil reserves and consideration of Washington as a point of departure for transshipment of petroleum products to other areas of the country have also increased the possibility of environmental degradation.In response to these threats, research has begun to document the effects of certain types of development on the biological resources of Puget Sound and provide some baseline information. This research, which has been funded partly by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and administered through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administrations (NOAA) Marine Ecosystems Analysis (MESA) Puget Sound Project Office, is designed to develop an understanding of the ecosystem of Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to compile baseline data for these waters, and to identify the potential consequences of petroleum transport and transfer operation. As part of this larger effort, a MESA funded study of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals in northern Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca was conducted through Noah National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML) located at the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center (NWAFC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Seattle, Washington. The objectives of this study were to : (1) determine the relative seasonal abundance of each species of marine mammal in the study area, (2) describe specific locations used regularly by these populations, and (3) characterize the various populations and their habits which may increase their vulnerability to petroleum-related activities.	.	.
		Benedict – Alice B., Everitt – Robert D., Miller – Bruce S. , Nyblade – Carl F., Simenstad – Charles A. Et al	1983	A Synthesis of Biological Data from the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Northern Puget Sound	NOAA EPA	.	.	.	251	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links I. Introduction II. Characteristics of the Study Area III. Biological Community Organization and Major Ecological Processes : an introduction IV. Biological Characterization of Major Habitat Types of Northern Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca V. Identification of Areas of Biological Importance VI. Potential Interactions of Habitat Types and Known or Proposed Types of Perturbations VII. Data Evaluation, Data Gaps, Recommendations	Excellent flow diagrams of food webs–from a number of habitats	.
		Lindroth -Mattias	1991	Symbiotic Relationships of Two populations of Balanus nubilus at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	24	.	595.35 Lin	In April of 1991, 15 specimens of Balanus nubilus where collected at two different locations at Race Rocks. The idea of this preliminary study was to find out if the two populations of barnacles Balanus nubilus are part of the same system or if they in fact make up two different systems. Statistical methods have been used to compare the individual Balanus nubilus, with the organisms on them, to make a platform for discussion. A result was achieved, indicating two different systems and the reasons for this has been discussed. The limiting factors on the project have only allowed a speculation on the factors that affect the distribution of organisms on the Balanus nubilus. This is an interesting opening for a wider research project, which can be carried out in the future.	Help with the taxonomy of this group was provided by Dr. Anita Brinckmann-Voss	.
		Graham – Brian K.	1994	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	Metchosin Muse	.	June	.	2	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“The first thing that strikes me as I board SECOND NATURE is the camaraderie and teamwork of the students. Most of them have wet suits on and are loading their scuba gear aboard the aluminum craft; the rest are readying the lines for our departure. The exercise on this sunny day is to dive off the shores of Race Rocks, and to document some of the sealife that abounds in the ecological reserve there.”	.
		Wolferstan – W.A.	1994	Marine Oil Spill Risk As a Factor in Potential Transboundary Pollution	.	.	.	.	.	.	363.7382 Wol	None available– See Comments or Links This brief responds to Symposium questions #1, #4, #5, and #6, primarily with regard to the risks of a major marine oil spill, and generally with regard to the relative significance of oil spill risks compared to risks from other pollution sources for the BC/Washington marine environment.Although it is possible for RPP (refined petroleum product) spills to occur virtually anywhere on the west coast, it is the existing patterns of crude oil movement by tanker in the symposium focus area that is the single type of human activity which needs the most management attention, because of the very high consequence costs should a major oil spill occur in this area. There are two critical components that must be considered before deciding where to focus our efforts to reduce risk or prevent spills. The first is our level of knowledge about where spills are most likely to happen (including the expected size, location, frequency, and type of oil or product that could be spilled). The second is our level of knowledge about the most likely shorelines to be impacted and the relative amount of environmental damage, which is most likely to occur from different sizes and types of oil spill. The probability of an accident or vessel casualty leading to a spill is often referred to as the navigation risk. The probability of a spill resulting in significant environmental impacts can be described as the environmental risk. Both of these components have been analyzed extensively for the transboundary waters discussed in this symposium. This brief will summarize our current understanding.	Jan 13 1994 Vancouver, B.C.	.
		Matthews- Angus, Fletcher- Garry L.	1996	A Future for The Race Rocks Light Station	.	.	.	.	10	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	RACE ROCKS EDUCATION CENTRE “Race Rocks is an ecological treasure located at the pacific Gateway to British Columbia’s Gulf Islands. A significant environmental and scientific legacy have been generated through 65 years of data collection and 16 years of environmental protection at Race Rocks. This has been made possible by the efforts of the Canadian Coastguard and British Columbia Parks. This legacy is threatened by the abandonment of the Race Rocks Light Station Today the opportunity exists to create the Race Rocks Centre, a unique public education and research centre” With this beginning, a proposal which was presented to the Coastguard and BC Parks was started. In it is detailed plans for the protection and management of the area by Lester Pearson College in the face of withdrawal by the coastguard . The setting up of a Trust Fund with the assistance of government is outlined. Included in the appendix is an account of the Ecological Values as spelled out by Garry Fletcher, Appendix2 a Listing of Equipment at the Station and a Proposed Opperating budget by the Race Rocks Education Center.	.
		British Columbia	1997	Ecological Reserve Act	The Revised Statutes of British Columbia 1996	.	3	.	RS Chap 103	http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/bcstats/96103_01.htm	348.711022 Rev	None available– See Comments or Links	Available on internet.	.
		Fredericks – Christina	1988	A Laboratory Study on Tidepool Protists -( from Race Rocks)	.	.	.	.	72	.	.	The protists studied are of a species yet unclear to me. They are small, green, unicellular flagellates that occupy freshwater upper-level spray tidepools. These experiments were carried out to discover some of their basic physical characteristics, that is, if they displayed and phototactic behaviour and to determine their upper-most salinity tolerance level.The two questions I wanted to answer concerning the protists were : whether they displayed any phototactic behaviour, and if so, which particular wavelength of light they preferred to orient to, be it the blue or red regions of the spectrum or the green region of the spectrum. The second problem was that I wanted to know their salinity tolerance level in the upper ranges within a given range of seawater immersions, of which the range they were tested on was from 10% seawater to 90% Seawater. I also wanted to know the effect of an influx of distilled water to protists already immersed in seawater.	A laboratory study examining the phototactic behavior and upper-most salinity tolerance of unicellular flagellates	.
		Kronholm – Kalle	1991	A study of a biological system on an Introduced Substrate in the high current zone of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve substrate in the high current zone of the Race Rocks ecological reserve	.	.	.	.	40	.	578.77 Kro	An almost 1 m3 submersed concrete block in a high current area was studied in 5 dives. The frequencies of 8 indicator species on the four vertical faces of the block were recorded. The number of individuals of each species on each face were then compared to see if any conclusions about correlations could be drawn.To explain the correlations and differences in the number of individuals of each indicator species, various factors such as current and sunlight, were studied closer. In 1980, a concrete block was lowered the 10m down to the bottom of Inner Race Passage, Race Rocks, Vancouver Island, Canada. The purpose was to install a current meter on a line between a float and the block. This was done over one year, and the results were analyzed in a computer, which then made current-table predictions for the future. (Woodward, M. J., 1980) This concrete block has undergone ecological succession over the past 10 years. The block forms the substrate of an ecological system that is investigated in this study.	Report investigating the ecological system of a concrete block submersed to a depth of 10m in the Inner Race Passage in 1980. The block forms the substrate that is investigated to compare the number of individual species on each face and to draw conclusions and correlations as related to various environmental factors	.
		MacIntosh – Rosemary	1991	Imposex in carnivorous marine snails of British Columbia of British Columbia.	.	.	.	.	22	.	.	The phenomenon of imposex, the growth of male sex organs in female snails, has been observed only in the past twenty years. The cause of the growth of a penis and a vas deferens has been determined to be continued exposure to tributyltin in the water in which the snails live. The neogastropods used in this research are whelks of the type Searlesia dira and Nucella lamellosa. This paper examined imposex in and around Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and of the thirty-four sites tested, only three locations showed no evidence of imposex. All sites tested in high boat traffic areas (within one kilometer of a harbor or marina) or sites near centers of human population showed a one hundred percent incidence of imposex. Even the high current area of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve was contaminated by TBT since 100% of the snails were affected there as well. It can be seen from this evidence that all of the intercoastal water of the Strait of Georgia, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Puget Sound are affected by TBT and that actions must be taken to halt the spread of this contamination.	Report on possible contamination by TBT (Tribuyltin, used in antifouling paints on boats), causing imposex in carnivorous snails at thirty-four sites in and around Vancouver Island and at Race Rocks Ecological reserve	.
		Brinckmann-Voss – Anita	1996	Seasonal Variation of Hydroids in a Tidal Pool on the Ecological Reserve of Race Rocks, British Columbia, Canada	.	.	.	.	11	.	593.55 Bri	INTRODUCTION During research on a census of hydrozoans of the intertidal and subtidal ecological systems on the ecological reserve of Race Rocks (Brinckmann-Voss and Garry Fletcher in preparation) it was found that one of the tidal pools on the West side of the island does not only represent an unusual large number of species on a very small space, but also seemed to fluctuate in the occurrence and reproductive state of the species during the seasons. Therefore a detailed survey of the tidal pool area was started in 1984 to be followed more in detail by mapping the different species in different months of the year in 1988/89. Unfortunately work on the site cannot be done from November to February because low tides are at night and the area becomes inaccessible.After numerous observations in the pool from 84 to 87 for the general survey, detailed work on the Seasonality of the species in the pool was done on following date: July 8-12, August 28, September 22, October 11, 1988; March 23, April 10, June 2-5, 21, August 15, 24, 1989. In order to understand the ecology of the tidal pool a short statement of its geography is necessary (fig. 1 a, b) : Great Race Rocks is the largest in a group of very small islands or mere rocks, some only exposed fully at low tide, in the Juan de Fuca Straight about 3 km(?) south of the South coast of Vancouver Island. The area of the tidal pool studied is on the South West side of the Island. This side consist of steep rocks often near vertical cliffs which are however often broken up into small platforms or ledges with channels in between running more or less parallel to the outer coast of the island. Some of these channels are blocked by rocks at either end and are therefore only partly emptied at low tide, thus forming separate ecological entities of tidal pools. The depth of the tidal pool remains the same during a medium and low tide, because the water cannot drain. However once the water gets in over the outer ledge at incoming tide the high water level varies with different dates of the month or year depending on the maximum high water mark as explained in diagram (fig. 1c). As the open sea on the Southwest side of the Island is typical of often rough or violent strong swells from the West plus very fast moving tidal currents (max. miles/hour) the water which gets over the ledge into the tidal pool with incoming tide is more or less foaming probably with a very high oxygen content although measurements were not taken. Therefore, although protected through the outer ledge the water in the pool will never get stagnant. These physical conditions combined with an extremely rich plankton in the Race Rocks area (observations by author) are probably the cause for the large number of species in the tidal pool reported in this study.	Report to ecological Reserve as part of permit requirement, prior to publishing the article In Scientia Maritima	.
		Baird-Robin W., Stacey -Pam J.	1988	Observations on the Reactions of Sea Lions to Killer Whales – Evidence of “Prey” having a “Search image”	.	.	.	.	5	.	599.5 Bai O	Observations on the reactions of California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) and Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) to the presence of foraging transient Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) were made on three occasions. Alert and avoidance responses by sea lions were made in the presence of Killer Whales of typical appearance. In the presence of a single, foraging Killer Whale of atypical appearance, no alert or avoidance response was observed. It is possible that the sea lions did not recognize the atypical whale as a Killer “search” image” for the detection of predators, based on visual cues.The ability of a predator to perceive cryptic prey using a perceptual “Search image” has been previously reported (e.g. Dawkins 1971). However, the concept of “prey” using a similar perceptual “Search image” to detect potential predators does not appear to have been previously documented. During an ongoing study of Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) behaviour and ecology being undertaken around southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, certain interaction s between “transient” Killer Whales (after Bigg et al. 1987), California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus), and Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were noted on three occasions. These interactions suggest that sea lions may use a search image for the detection of potential predators. Observations of interactions between transient Killer Whales and sea lions were made during 1987 at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve (48 18ÕN, 123 32ÕW), a group of nine small islands approximately one mile off the southernmost tip of Vancouver Island, in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Race Rocks is a year-round Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) colony, with seasonally abundant California Sea Lions and Steller Sea Lions (Bigg et al. 1987). Transient Killer Whales vocalize much less than resident whales (Ford and Fisher 1982), possibly to avoid detection by mammalian prey (Morton 1987; Felleman et al. 1989). Thus the reaction of sea lions to the presence of Killer Whales might be mediated by visual cues.	Report to Ecological Reserves as part of the permit process.	.
		Zahid -Maliha	1987	Distribution of “Anthopleura elegantissima”	.	.	.	.	51	.	.	The following research essay deals with the distribution pattern of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. The research essay was carried out at the intertidal levels of Race Rock Islands in the Juan de Fuca straits. The aim of the research was foremost to find out the distribution pattern of the Anthopleura in a mathematically comprehensive way and using that information, to identify the Anthopleura elegantissima sub-species level. The distribution pattern and zonation will give us insight into the environmental, biotic as well as abiotic, factors influencing the pattern.In determining the pattern both Poisson and Plotless methods were involved. Poisson methods give results very much dependant on the size of the sampling units. On the other hand Plotless methods are independent of unit sizes and at least one source of error is eliminated. We employ both methods and the accuracy of one against the other is judged by formal statistical tests.	Report on the distribution pattern of the intertidal sea anemone, “Anthopleura elegantissima “at Race Rocks ecological reserve to gain insight into the environmental, biotic as well as abiotic, factors influencing the pattern.	.
		Vermeer – Kees, Rankin – Leo	1984	Population trends in nesting double-crested and pelagic cormorants in Canada	The Murrelet	.	.	.	9	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Survey of the breeding populations of double-crested Phalacrocoraxauritus and pelagic cormorants (P. pelagicus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia to assess population trends and compare with those elsewhere in North America. .C.1-2	.
		Guttman – Hans	1982	Metridium senile Study At Race Rocks Ecological Reserve reserve	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Transect sheets from a Metridium study at Race Rocks ecological reserve showing information concerning species, position, depth, date, divers, etc.	.
		Berg – Jason	1987	A Comparative Study of the Escape Responses of Limpets	.	.	.	.	17	.	.	The Limpets Diodora aspera, Acmaea mitra, Collisella digitalis, Notoacmeaea scutum and Notoacmaea pelta that live on Great Race Rock are examined in this report. Limpets range from the high water levels to the lower limits of the intertidal zone depending on the species. The habitable range of some species can extend below the intertidal zone as well. There is little interspecific competition between various species of limpet because each species occupies a distinct niche in the series of vertical zones on the shoreline. Limpets can survive on rocky , exposed shorelines because of their specialized foot which allows them to anchor themselves firmly to solid rock. The review of literature is restricted to the families Fissuellidae and Acmaeidae. Observational records of the distribution at Race Rocks are presented in this essay.	Study comparing the escape responses of limpets. Conducted at Race Rocks ecological reserve, B.C	.
		Woodward – Mike	1981	Current Tables for Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	14	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Prediction of tidal extremes from the initial current meter readings at Race Rocks — before Race Passage tables were produced by IOS	.
		Woodward – Mike , Fletcher – Garry	1981	Current Tables For Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	4	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Prediction of tidal extremes from the initial readings of the Race Rocks Current Meter These tables have been calculated by the Institute of Ocean Sciences at Pat Bay. In 1980 we arranged to have a current meter provided for Race Rocks. We installed it in September of that year and removed it in October of 1981. Every three months, the meter was changed and these tables are the result of the current data accumulated. The meter was located in the center of the heavy current channel immediately to the North-West side of the flag pole on the island. The 1983 issue of the Tides and Currents Tables will contain the predictions under the title of “Race Passage”. We hope that these tables will make it safer for divers and boaters in the area. Please respect the guidelines of the Ecological Reserve, that all forms of life in the reserve should not be disturbed. This means subtidal life to a depth of 35 meters and bird and animal life on the islands.Note that the tables are in rates of meters per second and that the direction (DIR) of 230 means an ebb tide, and the DIR 48 means a flood tide. Any rates starting with .0 can be assumed to be slack water.	.
		LBPC students , Fletcher- Garry L.	1982	Race Rocks Marine Ecological Reserve- Handout	.	.	.	.	2	.	.	The following is the remainder of the complete text of this brochure: PLEASE OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES :1. VIEW THE SEALIONS , SEALS AND SEABIRDS QUIETLY FROM A DISTANCE THAT DOES NOT DISTURB THEM. Continued disruption by boaters will interfere with their normal daily life. 2. PHOTOGRAPHY WHEN DIVING AT RACE ROCKS IS FINE BUT PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE OR DISTURB ANY FORM OF SEA LIFE. That way it will continue to exist for all. 3. ANCHOR IN THE RESERVE ONLY IN EMERGENCIES. Delicate sea-life is easily ripped apart by an anchor. 4. FISH FOR SALMON ONLY. Rock fish and bottom fish are an important part of the marine system in the area and should be preserved. 5. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN DOING MARINE RESEARCH IN THE RESERVE APPLY FOR A PERMIT FROM THE ECOLOGICAL RESERVES OFFICE AND CONTACT PEARSON COLLEGE FOR ASSISTANCE. 6. RECOGNIZE THAT RACE ROCKS ECOLOGICAL RESERVE IS AN AREA OF HAZARDOUS CURRENTS AND UNPREDICTABLE WEATHER. ONLY VERY WELL PLANNED TRIPS OR DIVES ARE ADVISABLE. Use Race Passage current tables. 7. ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO RESPECT THE DESIGNATION OF THIS ECOLOGICAL RESERVE. Divers wishing for further information about underwater life in the Reserve are welcome to contact us.	Note in Abstract:	.
		B.C. Parks , Fletcher – Garry L.	1988	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve (Brochure)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The first brochure published by Parks on the Ecological reserve at RR.	.
		Ashuvud -Johan , Fletcher -Garry L.	1980	The Race Rocks Marine Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	2	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This article was submitted as an announcement of the ecological reserve to Diver Magazine	.
		LBPC students , Fletcher – Garry L.	1980	Race Rocks Marine Ecological Reserve	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This was the first version of the handout prepared for the public on the RR.ecological reserve.	.
		Bisgrove – Brent	1982	Ecological reserves, and some other locations in southern Vancouver Island as sites for marine research.	.	.	.	.	57	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	97-84 his report has compiled relevant literature, personal observations, intertidal surveys, and information from consultation with members of the U.Vic Dept. of Biology in an effort to document suitable sites for marine field research on southern Vancouver Island. It includes site descriptions and species lists for six ecological reserves and three areas proposed as reserves. c.1-2.. This report has still not been acquired as of Aug/99 version 1.5. Further attempts will be made to track it down.	.
		DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee	1996	DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee Annual Report 1996	.	Editor:Arthur Robinson and J.A. Trofymow	.	.	93	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The Annual report of the research carried out in the adjacent area of Rocky Point	.
		Thomson Richard E.	1981	Strait of Juan de Fuca (Chapter 11 )	Can. Spec.Publ.Fish. Aquat.Sci.———Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast	.	56	.	291	.	.	This book deals with the biophysical aspects of the sea as exemplified by the Pacific ocean and the contiguous waters of the British Columbia Coast. Although principally devoted to waves currents and tides, the book spans a broad spectrum of topics ranging from meteorology and marine biology to past and present marine geology. It attempts to elucidate the nature of oceanic motions and relate them to everyday experience for the general interest of the casual reader and for the practical benefit of the professional mariner, scientist , or engineer.	References to Race Rocks are located on the following pages: 10, 78, 192 ,11.11 currents: 194, 11.1 , 196, 198-199, 11.16 winds : 190 , Race passage: Juan de Fuca Strait – 10.15 , 196, 198.	.
		Wallace – Scott S.	1999	Evaluating Three Forms of Marine Reserves on Northern Abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) Populations in British Columbia, Canada. Conservation Biology	Conservation Biology ( In press)	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/scottabalone.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links Abstract: Marine reserves have been suggested as tools for assisting the management of fisheries by protecting vulnerable marine species from over-exploitation. Increases in size and abundance after restricting fishing pressure would lead to greater egg reproduction which through pelagic dispersal would replenish exploited areas. Although there is theoretical basis to believe that marine reserves may show promise as management tools, there are few marine reserves in the world to test their effectiveness. This research evaluates three forms of marine reserve on the south coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Northern abalone, a severely depleted shellfish in this region, is used as an indicator to test the effectiveness of the reserves. Abalone populations in eight sites receiving varying degrees of spatial protection were counted and measured in situ during the spring of 1996 and 1997. In all sites with enforced harvest closures, populations of abalone were greater and one site, with nearly 40 years of protection, had on average much larger (older) abalone. Reproductive output, as a function of abundance and size, was also greater in the enforced reserve areas. Larval dispersal from reserves, and hence the benefit to exploited areas, was not formally surveyed. However, the results of my study combined with knowledge of present abalone populations, life history, and regional hydrodynamics suggest that establishment of reserves are justified in absence of perfect knowledge of larval dispersal.	In Press : March 1999 ( CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) S.S. Wallace, Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver	.
		Doubilet – David , Kohl- Larry	1986	British Columbia’s Cold Emerald Sea	National Geographic Magazine	.	.	.	626-549	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This article contains several quality pictures of fish and invertebrates some taken by David Doubilet on his trip to Race Rocks in the early 1980’s.	.
		Grant – Peter	1997	Field Trip Race Rocks Ecological Reserve	The Log — Friends of Ecological reserves Newsletter	Editor:Peter Grant	Spring	.	5	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A report of the Saturday Sept 21 1996 field trip by Friends of Ecological reserves to Race Rocks .	.
		Castle Geoffrey	1984	Lighthouse never completely tamed Race Rocks	Times- Colonist	.	Sept 29 /84	.	A-4	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Historical Account – Shipwrecks on the islands lead to change of technology	.
		Stonebanks – Roger	1995	College offer to help pay staff at Race Rocks jolts hearing	Victoria Times Colonist	.	January 28, 95	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	” A proposal by the college to raise an endowment fund to continue staffing Race Rocks startled a Coast guard Hearings into destaffing 35 lighthouses on the West Coast.”	.
		Down – Susan	1994	Staffed light stations could be valuable ecological posts	Times -Colonist	.	Dec. 1, 1994	.	D11	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Quotes of Dr. Howard Freeland , research scientist at the Institute of Ocean Sciences and Angus Matthews about the need to ,maintain a human presence on Race Rocks — Report on the second round of hearings on lighthouse destaffing.	.
		Danard – Susan	1997	Injured sea lion left to battle for survival	Times Colonist	.	Tuesday, July 15/ 97	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The concerns of some tour-boat operators versus the need to leave animals alone in the ecological reserve	.
		Lavoie, Judith	1997	Camera hounds are killers , too — Guardians of Race Rocks wildlife dreads growth of animal watching tours	The Victoria Times Colonist	.	Sunday , Jan.26 1997	.	A3	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“Trophy hunting with a camera can be as deadly as using a gun, said Carol Slater gloomily, as she watched two sea lions—-” this article deals with the controversial criticism of boat operators who go too close to resting marine mammals in the Race Rocks Ecological reserve.	.
		Paterson – Jody	1991	Race Rocks whodunit turns students into ‘tecs	The Victoria Times Colonist	.	Wed , Nov,. 27/1991	.	B1	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Documents an NFB shooting of a second video trilogy for its perspectives in Science series.. Highlights of the Institute of Ocean Sciences water sampling program.	.
		Ryan – Jim	1980	Race Rocks Light keepers live close to nature	The Islander section of the Times Colonist	.	Dec. 1980	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Documents the life of Trev and Flo Anderson at Race Rocks and mentions the building of their boat Wawa on the island. Mentions the new ecological reserve.	.
		Helm – Denise	1996	Save Race Rocks Station	Times- Colonist	.	Saturday, March 2/96	.	D1	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“Race Rocks is an extraordinary community resource and it’s going to slip through our fingers,” said Matthews	.
		Cleverly – Bill	1998	Light keepers want a review of destaffing	Times- Colonist	.	Tueday Mar. 31/98	.	A2	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Fisheries Minister David Anderson has bowed to public pressure and backed off the program that would have automated a further 12 lighthouses this year on top of the 14 already destaffed.———The lighthouse at Race Rocks off Metchosin remains operating even though it was technically destaffed a year ago.	.
		Manore – Jack	1991	Divers see Race Rock’s hidden face — Race Rocks one of 132 reserves	The Islander Magazine of the Victoria Times Colonist	.	Sun. Oct 20/91	.	M1 and M4	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Underwater pictures and lengthy commentary on the Educational program run by Lester Pearson College	.
		Shane – June	1997	Ecological treasure just off our shore	Metchosin Muse	.	July 1997	.	10	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	As a member of friends of Ecological reserves, the author participates in one of the annual visits by that group to the reserve with students.	.
		Brodeur , Micheline	1997	Light station Automation	Pacific Currents	Editor:Kelly Francis	1	4	1-3	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Budget reduction and modernization — the two main reasons for automation.	.
		Westad – Kim	1990	Thought of shooting at sea lions brings roar of disapproval from judge	Victoria Times Colonist	.	Tues. May 1 /90	.	B8	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Judge William Diebolt told John Bears and other commercial fishermen that shooting at sea lions especially those in an ecological reserve – will be penalized heavily by the court. Fishermen shooting at sea lions in the reserve were apprehended on the report of divers form U.Vic. relayed to fisheries by Ray Smith assistant light keeper and a Pearson college student operating the radio in the shoremasters office in Sept. 1988. A $750 fine was handed out by the court.	.
		Grant – Peter	1984	Subtidal researchers	Monday Magazine	.	March 16-22 1984	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A report of a field trip of the Friends of Ecological Reserves to Race Rocks with Garry Fletcher and the diving students at Pearson College. See also the skides in the AV Database. Under the search “FER”	.
		Leyne – Les	1980	Race Rocks now Ecological Reserve	The Goldstream Gazette	.	Wed. April 9/80	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“The designation of ecological reserve was announced formally last week by Prince Charles during his visit to Pearson College. It was the culmination of a year-long project by staff and students at the college to have the environmental value of the nine small islet , and surrounding subtidal land recognized.” ——- This was the first media report of the ecological reserve.	.
		McInnes – Craig	1997	A college that’s determined to shine	The Globe and Mail	.	??	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Lightstation Automation with reference to the role of Pearson College to keep the lightkeepers on the island	.
		Brinckmann-Voss -Anita , Arai – Mary -Needler	1980	Hydromedusae of British Columbia and Puget Sound	Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	.	204	.	192 pages	.	.	Fifty-nine species of hydromedusae are described from British Columbia and adjacent waters. A pictorial key of these species is included. In addition to two new species whose descriptions have already been published, four more new species are described, six are recorded from the area for the first time, and a number of taxonomic revisions are made. The family Pandeidae is discussed and the new family Halimedusae separated from it . Detailed distributions in the Pacific area and brief notes on the general zoology are included.	This manual is valuable as a taxonomic guide to the hydroids of the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the broader Race Rocks area.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L , Healey – Norm.	1999	The Metchosin Environmental Inventory Database	.	.	.	.	.		.	None available– See Comments or Links	This inventory of over 450 records has been done by the Metchosin Environmental Advisory Commission. There are several records entered for Race Rocks and many for the adjacent Coastal Area.	https://racerocks.ca/metchosinmarine/marineecosystems.htm
		Vermeer – Kees	1987	The Ecology and status of marine and shoreline birds in the Strait of Georgia, BC	.	.	.	.	5	.	598.3 Eco	None available– See Comments or Links	Table of Contents of the proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Pacific N.W. Bird and mammal Society and the CWS	.
		Baird-Robin W.	1990	Elephant Seals Around Vancouver Island	The Victoria Naturalist	.	47	2	6-7	rreoref2/elepseal/elephantseal.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Photo of female Elephant Seal from middle rock with tower in background. Photo of male elephant seal head.	.
		Lambert, Philip	1978	New geographic and bathymetric records for some northeast Pacific asteroids (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)	Syesis	.	11	.	61-64	.	.	Study of several Asteroid collections made with the aid of SCUBA and bottom trawls in the waters off British Columbia has resulted in new information about the geographic and bathymetric ranges of 20 species. Specimens of 10 species extend the known distribution northward into British Columbia waters. Specimens of three species document southward extensions. The known minimum depth is extended for 11 species, whereas the known maximum depth for four species is extended.	This is a record for the Southern distribution of Cermaster arcticus (Verrill 1909) (Goniasteridae) It was discovered at Race Rocks, at a depth of 9 meters. The specimen from Race Rocks (48 degrees 18 minutes N., 123 degrees 36 minutes W. ) extends the known range 2180 km southward.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L., Ashuvud – Johan	1980	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Slides 1979-85	.	.	.	.	.	frmAV	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The underwater shots in this set of slides were taken by Johan Ashuvud (PC student from Sweden) and Garry Fletcher in 1979 and 1980. Other slides are of marine science and biology class activities, doing intertidal transect and tidepool studies in the early 1980’s . The slide set has been donated to the Race Rocks Collection in the Library. Copyright release must be obtained from Lester B.Pearson College for use outside the library.	.
		Cooke – Brent	1981	Underwater Race Rocks – Royal B.C Museum Collection	.	.	.	.	.	frmAV	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This set of slides was selected as representative of the collection in 1999 from several file cabinets of slides in the archives of the provincial museum. One copy of the sides is on file in the Race Rocks Collection of the Lester Pearson College. Copyright release must be obtained from the Royal B.C. museum for use outside the library. In this database , not all the pictures are entered yet. You may access them from the folder entitled “BCslides.”	.
		Prentice – Duane	1998	Race Rocks Marine Education Center	.	.	.	.	.	frmAV	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This set of slides was selected as representative of the collection made by Duane Prentice in 1998-99. More slides in the series are maintained by Duane Prentice. One copy of the sides has been donated to the library at Lester B. Pearson College and is on file there in the Race Rocks Reference Area. Copyright release must be obtained from Duane Prentice of Nomadic Visions, for use outside the library. Copyright1999 Duane Prentice/Tom Keller Photo LLC . Copy (250) 385-6518	.
		B.C. Parks Ecological Reserves Office	1999	Race Rocks ER #97 Slide Set	.	.	.	.	.		.	None available– See Comments or Links	The above URL links to the table of photographs for the ecological reserve . Slides in this set labelled ER#– are contained in this collection. The slides in this set have been taken by various photographers, including Trudy Chatwin and Garry Fletcher, and contributed to the Ecological Reserves Office in Victoria (presently at 700 Johnson Street, Victoria). Copyright release must be obtained from BC Parks .	.
		Bainbridge- Darryl	1992	Selected underwater footage, from Underwater Safari	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/safari/safari.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This video contains sequences selected from the “Underwater Safari” master tapes at the RBC museum. The following sequences are highlighted: Wolf Eel and Divers —Harbour Seal and Divers—- Sea Stars underwater at RR.— Diving with disabled at RR. Complete versions of the programs are available through the RBC museum. Copyright is freely released for education purposes according to the agreement originally made with the volunteer workers on the program including the photographer Darryl Bainbridge, Shaw Cable, B.C Tel , the Ministry of Small Business and Culture, Lester Pearson College and the RBC museum.. See internet link for more of the videos	.
		BCTV	1993	Elephant seal capture and return to Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Sequences of the capture of an elephant seal that had a broken jaw at Race Rocks in May, 1993— transportation to Vancouver Aquarium where it was rehabilitated and the subsequent release back at Race Rocks in August of 1993. Pearson College assists in the capture and transport.	.
		BCTV	1995	Visit to Race Rocks of Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This video is the news clips documenting a visit to Race Rocks by the minister of Fisheries, Brian Tobin, accompanied by Victoria – Oak Bay MLA David Anderson (in 1998- Minister of Fisheries) in the fall of 1995. On this trip Mr. Tobin gives his assurance to the light keepers that their job are secure!!.	.
		CHEK 6 TV	1992	The Canadian Underwater Safari	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Footage of a Chek TV crew who are taken diving by Lester Pearson College so they can document the underwater work of cameraman Darryl Bainbridge of the “Underwater Safari” series. Good shots of Fish — greenlings and Sea Bass– Rock Cod	.
		Reyes – Paola	1995	Light keepers Concerns at Race Rocks (Spanish)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Commentary in Spanish – interview with Mike Slater, prior to destaffing of the light station by the Coast Guard. Good views from tower — multiple light version still in use.	.
		Fletcher – Garry	1995	Anita Voss and intertidal hydroids	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Documents Dr. Anita Brinckmann -Voss on a low tide hydroid sampling trip to Race Rocks.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	Whale Watchers at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Starts with footage of the tower when it is pure white as it is being painted in the fall of 1996. Later on, a sequence of several whale watching boats near the rocks as they look at the sea lions. This sequence aired on BCTV in 1997	.
		Dept. of Nat Defence Science Advisory Committee (ESAC)	1997	DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee Annual Report 1997 ESAC	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	24 reports of Projects worked on in the adjacent DND lands , including Rocky Point. Most are forest related research projects.	.
		Dept. of Nat Defence Science Advisory Committee (ESAC)	1998	Conservation Management Planning DND CFB Esquimalt properties — results of workshop held at Royal Roads University , Victoria, B.C. March 17, 1998	.	Editor:Robinson, Arthur – Trofymow -A.	.	.	41	.	.	Over the last four years, staff from the DND, Canadian Forest Service and CWS , and other agencies have collaborated extensively through the Environmental Science Advisory Committee in the delivery of environmental programs on DND properties, particularly on Southern Vancouver Island. During that same period, much new information has been gathered to assess the ecological character of these lands. Under a project completed in 1997, these new data sets were merged with existing data in a common GIS to allow for easier review of management plans for these properties. A report by ESRI Canada Ltd. Outlines the Arc/Info coverages. In order for CWS t fulfill it’s forest management objectives and to jointly assist DND in fulfilling its obligations for environmental assessments, wetland conservation, and protection of species at risk, it was time to begin a process of analysis to review and further develop conservation plans for these very significant properties. In 1994 and 1995 Madrone Consultants Ltd. were contracted to carry out ecological assessments of a number of DND properties on Vancouver island. Guidelines used by Madrone are outlined in Appendix 1c. ETC.	A Reports of a workshop including Rocky Point. Conservation management recommendations for the properties are made.	.
		Gibbs – Donna	1997	Race Rocks Species List- 1997	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/INVERTS/dgibbs.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Inventory compiled by Donna Gibbs of the Vancouver Aquarium on dives made at Rosedale Rock, West Race Rocks and William Head in the summer of 1997. Grouped by phylums and divisions. In the photo are several of the intertidal gastropods observed near peg#15 at Race Rocks, spring 1998.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1998	Profile: Trev and Flo Anderson: their connection with Pearson College 1976-1982	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/history/rrkeeper/rr66-82/anderson.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	When Trev and Flo arrived at Race Rocks with their family in 1966, the old generator building was painted red and had a tall tower attached for the foghorn. By the mid-1970’s when we started coming out from Pearson College, the buildings were painted white with red roofs.	.
		Ellis – D.V. , Steele – D.J.	1974	Application For Ecological Reserve — Rocky Point – 1974	.	.	.	167	14	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is the application submitted for Rocky Point as part of the areas proposed as a result of the International Biological Program (IBP) which set about to recommend Ecological reserves. The coastal area was to be considered as an Ecological Reserve. This report was consulted when LB Pearson College was working on the equivalent proposal for Race Rocks.	.
		Giovando – L.F.	1978	Observations of Seawater Temperature and Salinity at British Columbia Shore Stations 1976	Pacific Marine Science Report 78-12	.	.	.	111	.	.	Estuarine exchanges between the waters of then inlets and coastal basins between Vancouver Island and the mainland coast and the north pacific Ocean must occur through the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the south and the Johnstone Strait to the North In the early part of 1973, current meter arrays were moored over a cross section in each of these two Straits for the purpose of obtaining information on the nature of these exchanges (Huggett et al. 1976) The hydrographic data reported here were obtained during the period of March – May 1973, when these arrays were in position. These additional observations are required to assist in evaluating the tides within the region, and further , to provide boundary conditions for an extension of these studies to include features of the estuarine circulation.	For Race Rocks daily data see the reference by Ron Perkin of IOS	.
		Giovando – L.F.	1978	Observations of Seawater Temperature and Salinity at British Columbia Shore Stations – 1974	Pacific Marine Science Report 78-2	.	.	.	111	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Giovando – L.F.	1978	Observations of Seawater Temperature and Salinity at British Columbia Shore Stations -1975	Pacific Marine Science Report 78-8	.	.	.	112	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Crean – P.B. , Huggett – W.S. , Miyake – .	1979	Data Report of STD observations Volume 1: Strait of Juan de Fuca 1973	Pacific Marine Science Report 78-8	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Simonsen -Bjorn, O., Peacock – Sandra, Haggerty -J.,Secter – J., Duerden -F.	1997	Report of the First Nations Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Consultation — component ; Bamberton Town Development Project	.	.	.	.	.	rrrefer/bamber/toc1.htm	.	An exerpt from the report : 3.4.4 Marine Resources Marine resources, as noted above, formed a fundamental component of traditional lifeways, and remain important to contemporary First Nations people. They are discussed in this study of the Bamberton project because, as mentioned in the introductory section, the peoples of the Saanich Inlet recognize the close relationship between the land and the sea. They, perhaps more than any other group, have witnessed first-hand the impacts of development on the marine resources of the Saanich Inlet, impacts which have directly and drastically altered their traditional lifeways.Information obtained during community interviews reveals a wide variety of fish, shellfish and other invertebrates, waterfowl and marine mammals were utilized throughout the seasons. Those collected from the Saanich Inlet are identified in Table 8. Aside from their obvious use as food, marine resources also served as medicines and as ritual foods associated with ceremonial activities. The cultural significance of these resources is reflected in the places names associated with the procurement of marine resources throughout the Saanich Inlet (see discussion in Section 3).	See the internet link for the complete version.Section 3.4 results PartII: first Nations Land and Resource Use 3.4.1 Spiritual Resources 3.4.2 –Plant Resources — 3.4.3 Terrestrial Mammals and 3.4.4 Marine Resources —- these sections provide a good insight into the importance to the first Salish First Nations people of the natural resources. Table 8 provides a list of the marine resources used by the Saanich Inlet peoples.. See the external web link for the complete reference below	http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/epic/html/deploy/epic_document_129_15398.html
		Canadian Underwater Safari team	1992	The Planning Process for the Canadian Underwater Safari	.	Editor:Garry Fletcher	.	.	49 pages	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The communication and correspondence leading up to the Underwater safari programs in 1992 is presented here in order to give some idea of the magnitude of the planning and support from sponsors that went into this application of technology for environmental education in the Ecological Reserve.	.
		Down – Susan	1992	Underwater Safari puts technology to work for education	Times- Colonist	.	Monday, Oct 19, 1992	.	B2	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	“This week the pristine ocean environment of the Race Rocks ecological Reserve will be shown off to the world as the Friends of the British Columbia Museum present the Canadian Underwater Safari, an ambitious educational program for grades 8- 12. It is easy to be awed by a program that includes the Anik E2 satellite, Seamore the underwater robot , microwave commu nication from a remote lighthouse , two- way fibre optic technology and a sonar communication system that allows children from here to Ontario to talk with the diver..”	.
		Mullens – Anne	1992	Children get Underwater Safari	The Vancouver Sun	.	Sunday, Oct 14	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Best -Andrew	1992	Underwater Safari brings Race Rocks marine environment to the world via TV	The Times Colonist	.	October 14 ,	.	B14	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Murphy – Patrick	1992	Don’t use ocean as a toilet, Cousteau pleads	Times Colonist	.	Saturday Oct 10	.	D1	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Interview with Jean- Michelle Cousteau promoting the underwater safari series and arguing for stopping of the dumping of sewage in the ocean in Victoria.	.
		Murphy -Patrick	1992	Students to dive undersea via satellite	Times Colonist	.	Wed Oct 14	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Swanson – Robyn	1992	Race for knowledge takes kids to rocks	The Goldstream Gazette	.	Wednesday, April 29	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A significant article noting the presentation of a cheque for $10,000 from the B.C.Parks Ministry to the Canadian Underwater Safari by Esquimalt-Metchosin MLA Moe Sihota.	.
		Monday magazine staff	1992	Victoria’s underwater world flashed around the continent	Monday Magazine	.	October 15-21	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Interview with Angus Matthews talking about the role of the college in the production of the series of programs.	.
		Murphy -Patrick	1992	Race Rocks surprise for Island pupils	Times Colonist	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Field trip of students as part of the Underwater Safari	.
		Inglis – George	1977	Tomas Argyle	The Daily Colonist	.	February 20,	.	7	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	An Interesting account of Thomas Argyle , an early lightkeeper in the 1870’s at Race Rocks. It shows a picture of he and Ellen Argyle with their six children born in the Race Rocks lighthouse. Much of the article is devoted to following up on the second generation descendants of Argyle.	.
		B.C.Parks	1995	Ecological Reserve Warden Handbook	.	.	.	.	10	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	An outline of the ecological reserve warden program , Purpose of Wardens and guidelines and responsibilities of wardens and B.C. Parks Staff.	.
		Matthews – Angus	1995	Presentation to the Department of Transport Hearing on the Future of West Coast Light Stations	.	.	.	.	12	.	.	Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific proposes an innovative partnership agreement between Pearson College and the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, relating to the Race Rocks Light Station and the surrounding ecological reserve. The objectives of this agreement are to:– -Reduce expenditures by DOT through private sector financial support ,–retain qualified staffing of the light station —continue weather and sea condition reporting –Provide enhanced , marine safety and search and rescue capabilities. —Continue environmental monitoring which has been conducted without interruption since 1921. –Improved supervision of the Ecological reserve. — The addition of Great Race Island to the existing 280 hectare reserve. — Expanded environmental research and educational opportunities, –Enhanced pollution monitoring and control capacity . —protection of a public marine heritage site.	January 26, 1995 — Proposal complete with Draft budget showing the role of Pearson College, the province and the Department of Transport	.
		Anderson – David	1998	Statement by David Anderson, Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans on Marine Protected Areas	.	.	.	.	.	http://www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/release/statement/st9805e.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This link to the internet provides the content of Fisheries and Oceans Minister David Anderson’s speech of September 1, 1998 when he announced, in Victoria, B.C. the creation of the first two pilot MPAs.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1990	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Summary Report 1990	.	.	.	.	18	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This report outlines the activities coordinated by the volunteer Wardens of the Race Rock Ecological Reserve.	.
		Ecological Reserves Program	1991	List of Reports and Publications for Ecological Reserves in British Columbia	.	.	.	.	146	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Helm – Denise	1996	Province Months away from decision on Race Rocks	Times- Colonist	.	Sat. Dec 14, 1996	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The B.C. Government is still months away from a decision about management of Race Rocks , despite urgent pleas for timely action . Regional Manager Dave Chater said Friday a long term management plan for the ecological reserve surrounding the islets off Metchosin first has to be developed –Pearson College, which is fed up with delays about Race Rocks fate, submitted a draft management plan for the reserve in march. The college Laos has a two year proposal to run the light station as an educational and research center. The Environment ministry expects to have a management plan ready in early 1997, said Chater. Matthews said the college can’t start raising funds to look after Race Rocks with only a two year. Commitment from the federal government to not demolish the buildings. Chater said the Ecological Reserve plan has to come first. And the prime issue is whether to add the land and, if so, the buildings. Ö	.
		Mesiha -David, Fletcher -Garry	1999	Pedder Bay to Race Rocks Transect- Marine Birds	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This database is not complete at the time of publication of this version. Raw data records are available however through the library at Lester Pearson College. March 1998 to present– ongoing. Analysis of this data will also be available on the racerocks.com Webster	.
		DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee	1995	DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee Annual Report 1995	.	Editor:Arthur Robinson and J.A. Trofymow	.	.	103	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The annual report of the research carried out in the adjacent area of Rocky Point	.
		Billman – David	1998	BC Moments – Race Rocks (Aerials) bt#1012 (To burn in)	.	.	bt	1012	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Billman – David	1998	BC Moments – Race Rocks bt#8076 3309-( to burn in)	.	.	bt	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Billman – David	1998	BC Moments – Race Rocks bt# 8074-6999-6269 ( To burn in)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Raw footage from late summer 1998	.
		Billman – David	1998	BC Moments – Race Rocks bt# 1475-1476- 1367 (To burn in)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Raw Footage from late summer 1998	.
		Fisheries and Oceans Canada	1999	Pacific Region Marine Protected Areas Home Page	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/mpa/pilots.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Marc – Jacques	1996	The Idaho Shipwreck at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	nautarch/idaho.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Some historical research done on the shipwreck Idaho. This wreck lies within the Marine protected Area at Race Rocks . A video and slide reference set is found in this database also.	.
		Marc – Jacques	1998	The Nanette shipwreck at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	nautarch/nanette.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is some historical research done on the shipwreck Nanette, by the Underwater Archaeology Society of BC.	.
		Marc -Jacques	1998	Video – The Shipwreck Idaho at Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A short video section on some of the artifacts underwater of the wreck of the Idaho	.
		Marc -Jacques	1998	Nautical Archaeology slide set	.	.	.	.	.	frmAV	.	None available– See Comments or Links	9 slides taken by Jacques Marc with the Underwater Archeological Society of BC. The wreck of the Idaho on Rosedale Reef and the surrounding sealife is shown. Includes map of the wreck.	.
		Galloway – James	1999	CHS Managed Surveys — Presentation at Race Rocks pilot MPA workshop. April 1999	.	.	.	.	.	powpoint/Galloway.ppt	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This research was done at Race Rocks by the Canadian Hydrographic Service in the spring of 1999. Hi- res bathymetric survey, Sea bed Classification using multi- beam sonar scanning, towed video survey, visual simulation.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/roxview/roxview.htm
		Conservation Data Centre	1999	Field Definitions for Conservation Data Centre Element Occurrence Records	.	.	.	.	2	rrefer/cdc26apr.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This letter explains the coding for the Conservation Data Centre records. Note these records are only up to date as of March, 1999. Further updates will be added yearly to this database at Pearson College. These records are individual, verified occurrences for species and plant communities which have been ranked as rare by the B.C. Conservation Data Centre. The following fields have been exported with each record.FIELD DESCRIPTIONS Canadian Conservation Data Center : http://www.elp.gov.bc.ca/wld/cdc/ EOCODE: The unique identifier for each record. A one-to-one relationship with the records. The first 12 characters identify a particular species or plant community, the next 3 digits identify the occurrence number for that species or community. These alphanumeric codes are information rich and can be used to sort the records, as follows: etc	CDCDatabase_SVanIsland.mdb
		Weinstein – Martin S.	1998	Pieces of the Puzzle — getting to the solution for community-based coastal zone management in Canada	.	.	.	.	22	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Prepared for Coastal Zone Canada 98 conference in Victoria, B.C. 30 Aug.- 3 Sept. 1998	.
		Bauer – Wolf	1977	Marine Shore Resource Inventory–Western Community marine coastline, Wolf Island to Fort Rodd hill	.	.	.	.	46	.	577.51 Bau	The marine shoreline of the Western Community within the Capital Regional District of British Columbia stretches southwesterly from Victoria and Esquimalt Harbor to Beecher Bay along the Strait of Juan De Fuca. The shore-study area with which this report is concerned extends from Greyke Pt. near Wolf Island to the northern boundary of Fort Rodd Hill Park. While these boundaries are only eleven miles apart, the intervening high-tide shoreline actually total forty-eight miles including all coves, lagoons, and islands within that reach. (Caliper “walked” at 100ft. intervals). This preliminary study has concerned itself primarily with an inventory and evaluation of the beach resources in view of the fact that these represent not only the more changeable and least stable component of the coast, but are also of high recreational and esthetic resource value. Especially is this true of the two major drift – sector beach areas, where the integrated geohydraulic system of erosion – transport-accretion has created barrier spits with their fringe habitat and benthic ? aquatic bio-process environments.	A good account of the coastal resources,- classifies beaches I-III.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L., B.C. Parks	1999	Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Draft Management Plan –IN BRAILLE	.	.	.	.	.	rreoref/manage1.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Braille Grade II . This was done for a student in year 24 who was studying the MPA while in the Environmental Systems class at Lester B. Pearson College.	.
		Matthews, Angus	1998	The Race Rocks Light station — In Braille	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	In Braille Grade II — a duplicate of another reference in this collection. Also available in English on internet from the Race rocks site.	.
		Roach – Sylvia	1999	The Race Rocks Herbarium Database	.	.	.	.	.	Race_Rocks_Herbarium.mdb	.	None available– See Comments or Links	The samples for this herbarium maintained in the Marine Biology lab at Lester Pearson College have been collected at Race Rocks in the intertidal and subtidal areas since by students in Diving service and in Environmental Systems classes since the early 1980’s. The original assembling of samples was done by Nozomi with help from Sylvia Roach.	.
		Conservation Data Centre	1999	Conservation Data Center Records of the Race Rocks Area Elements	.	.	.	.	.	CDCDatabase_SVanIsland.mdb	.	None available– See Comments or Links	.	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1996	The Metchosin Environmental Inventory	.	.	.	.	.	https://racerocks.ca/metchosinmarine/marineecosystems.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A description of the database and a link to a copy of the Inventory Form.	.
		Baird -William F	1991	Wave Climate Study and Wave Protection Considerations IN BRAILLE	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Braille Grade II	.
		Matthews – Angus	1997	Race Rocks Light station — In Braille	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	A web page document from the Pearson College Race Rocks site done in Braille- Grade II for the student Jose-Maria Viera from Argentina (PC 1997-99).	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1997	The Race Rocks Marine Ecological Reserve Background Information– In Braille	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Grade II Braille.	.
		Sampson -Tom	1999	Interview with Thomas Charles – Beecher Bay	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This Audio tape was recorded by Tom Sampson in March of 1999. In it Thomas Charles gives the pronunciation of the words for Race Rocks , Pedder Bay, Church Island and Beecher Bay in the Clallum language. s c	.
		Zacharias- M.A., Morris- M. , Howes- Don	1999	Large Scale characterization of Intertidal communities using a predictive model	Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (in Press)	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Southern Gulf Islands including Race Rocks Pilot Study Area	.
		Zacharias – Mark A., Howes – Don E., Harper-J.R. , Wainwright- P.	1998	The Development and Verification of a Marine ecological Classification : a case study in the Pacific marine region of Canada	Coastal Management	.	26	2	105-124	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	just received- no copy available yet	.
		Howes- Don	1997	BC Physical Shore-zone Mapping System	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	detailed mapping 1:10,000 scale of shoreline geomorphology and wave energy– Contact Don Howes — LUCO 356-7721	.
		Howes – Don	1997	BC Biological Shore-zone Mapping System — (1997- intertidal surveys at Race Rocks included)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	detailed mapping 1:10,000 scale of intertidal communities– Contact Don Howes — LUCO 356-7721 Intertidal surveys at Race Rocks are included in this system.	.
		Howes- Don, Zacharias, Mark	1997	Shoreline video mapping for the CRD.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Contact Don Howes at 387-3803	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1999	Race Rocks Ecological Overview Workshop April 7 1999	.	.	.	.	20	rreocont/rreocontent.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This is a reference on this database that links through a contents page to the report on the workshop.	.
		British Columbia Air Photo Service	1975	Air photo of Race Rocks	.	.	BC7765	160	.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	See Reference # 15 of Geo-Spatial database	.
		Fairfield-Carter-P.J., Fletcher- Garry L. , Mathews- Angus	1999	Race Rocks.Com — A Virtual Exploration of Underwater Canada — A Proposal to the Millennium Bureau of Canada	.	Editor:P.J. Fairfield Carter	.	.	75	http://www.racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/admin/millenium.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Introduction by Dr. Joe MacInnis – An Island in Time. This proposal was sent to the Canadian Millenium Bureau in May of 1999 in an attempt to secure financing to a proposal to introduce internet technology for live transmission from Race Rocks.	.
		Freedland- Howard	1994	excerpt from a chapter on Climate	Biodiversity In British Columbia	Editor:Harding-Lee E. , McCullum,	.	.	.	rrrefer/biodch28/p232complete.htm	.	None available– See Comments or Links	Figure 24-11. Comparison of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies at Race Rocks on the British Columbia Coast (upper Panel) with Northern Hemisphere Air Temperature Anomalies (lower panel). Source: Howard Freeland, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.	.
		Odim- Edward	1998	BBC Interview at Race Rocks – Garry Fletcher – Technology – for ” The Natural History Program”	The Natural History Programme – BBC	Editor:Edward Odim	.	.	7 minutes 11 sec.	.	.	None available– See Comments or Links	This interview by the BBC was recorded at Race Rocks in the summer of 1997. In it Garry Fletcher outlines what he believes to be a sustainable future scenario for Race Rocks involving Alternate energy and the use of remotely operated video and data transmission devices. .	.
		Wilson- Cam	1998	West Race Rock, Video of Sealions Underwater	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	None available –See Comments	Taken October 4, 1998–This video provides an excellent account of underwater sea lion behavior. Both Northern and Californian Sealions are shown. Copyright Cam Wilson	.
		Fletcher-Garry L.	1999	Intertidal Race Rocks- Hydroid Habitat	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/hydroid/intpho99/hydhabitat.htm	.	None Available– see Internet Link	This internet site provides pictures taken on the West side of Great Race Rocks by Garry Fletcher at an extreme low tide on June 12, 1999. Many of the pictures are also available in the AV section in this database.	.
		Dombowski, Greg	1999	Diver’s Guide –Vancouver Island South	.	.	.	.	page67-74	http://dive.bc.ca	.	.	A recent guide book with several pages of information and maps on Race Rocks and the surrounding area dive sites.	mailto:update@dive.bc.ca
		Dept. of Nat Defence Science Advisory Committee (ESAC)	1999	1998 Annual Report, DND Environmental Science Advisory Committee	.	Editors:Arthur Robinson and J.A. Trofymow	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
		Slater – Carol	1999	Race Rocks Manager’s Log- 1999	.	.	.	.	.	.	577.7 Sla 1999	None Available	.	.
		Billman-David	1999	BC Moments “Race Rocks” and ” Under Race Rocks”	.	David Billman	.	.	.	.	.	.	David Billman is the Senior Producer/Director in the Knowledge Network, Open Learning Agency, who has submitted this copy made for “B.C. Moments” . May , 1999	.
		Perkin – Ron	1999	Database of the Race Rocks Water Temperature( since 1921)- and Salinity(since 1935)	.	Ron Perkin	.	.	.	RRTemp-Salinity.mdb	.	.	We are grateful for the effort made by Ron Perkin of the Institute of Ocean Sciences in supplying the temperature and salinity database. This database has been made by the compilation of Light house reports of Sea Water temperature and Salinity. At Race Rocks, a significant scientific contribution has been made by many generations of Light Keepers who have made daily manual recordings of these physical factors by taking water samples from the end of the docks, an hour before high tide.	.
		Fletcher-Garry	1999	Thor Miller — Fishing in the Early Years in the Race Rocks Area	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/history/fishery/thor.htm	.	.	This is a set of notes made in an Interview with Thor Miller of Victoria in July of 1999 about his experiences in the early fishery along the waterfront of Victoria and as far West in the Strait of Juan de Fuca as Beechey Head.	.
		Fletcher – Garry	1996	www.racerocks.com	.	.	.	.	.	http://www.racerocks.com	.	Website URL designated in May 1999	This website is the alias to http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/pcserv7.htm started in 1995, with the new alias registered in 1999.	.
		Murgatroyd – Louise V.	1999	Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities in Canada’s Marine Protected Areas: the Pilot Project at Race Rocks, British Columbia	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	Marine tourism is a major component of massive global tourism industry. Extensive visitation to coastal and marine areas has lead to marine environmental degradation, compromising the very values that make these environments attractive to tourists. Marine protected areas (MPAs) strive to conserve biodiversity and ecological processes, many of which coincide with the above-mentioned values. Tourism and MPAs provide venues for tourism and tourism. Through education and awareness-raising, can create support for marine conservation, MPAs and other integrated coastal management strategies. Race Rocks, a group of tiny islands near Victoria, British Columbia, is one of five national pilot MPA project sites currently being examined by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The site hosts abundant and diverse wildlife and is heavily viseted tourists and recreational users from the grreater Victoria area. These include whale watching operators, scuba divers and recreational fishers. While already protected as a provincial ecological reserve, the pilot MPA project will pursue additional strategies involving government. Industry and other stakeholders to ensure that negative impacts from mounting visitor use are minimised. Examples of effective mangement strategies for tourism and recreation in existing MPAs around the world are provided. Such as the Great Barrier Reef and Bonaire Marine Parks recommendations are made for the pilot MPA at Race Rocks and include a combiantion of government and industry regulation. Comprehensive education and interpreatationprograms, and extensive consutation with relevant stakeholders to ensure effective management strategies which encourage compliance among users and require minimal enforcement.	Louise visited lester Pearson College and Race Rocks in the summer of 1999. This is a report was submittted as a partial requirement for her master’s degree, University of Guelph.	.
		B.C. Government, Air Photos Branch	1975	Air Photos – Race Rocks	.	.	.	.	.	rrmaps/geospat.htm	.	none available	Two photo’s–BC7765 No. 159 and No. 160 taken in 1975— The link above provides large versions of the photos.	.

Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas- Pearson College Communications with Federal Government Levels 1994-1999

Posted on Thursday,November 25, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

.
Matthews-Angus 1999 Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas- Pearson College Communications with Federal Government Levels 1994-1999 . . . . ————- . 577.7 Com I
This series of documents presents the efforts of Angus Matthews, administrator of Lester B. Pearson College, to offer to the federal government a model of Community participation in creating a marine education center at Race Rocks. It begins with initiation of the proposal in order to provide for a continued presence of personnel at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve, when the destaffing of the light station is looming on the horizon. The communications between Mr. Matthews and officials of the Canadian Coast Guard, and with the office of the Minister of Fisheries are represented in chronological order. This is the second of two records of communications, document #26 representing the Communications at the Provincial Parks Level. that were going on simultaneously. This series of documents presents an excellent chronological account of the frustrated efforts of an organization in the community to facilitate a constructive solution to the destaffing of light stations and the simultaneous provision of on sight protection for a sensitive ecological area.
.
Matthews-Angus 1999 Community Involvement in Marine Protected Areas- Pearson College Communications with Provincial Government 1994-1999 with Provincial Levels of government . .. … . ————— . 577.7.Com This series of documents presents the efforts of Angus Matthews, administrator of Lester B. Pearson College, to offer to the federal government a model of Community participation in creating a marine education center at Race Rocks. It begins with initiation of the proposal in order to provide for a continued presence of personnel at the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve, when the destaffing of the light station is looming on the horizon. The communications between Mr. Matthews and officials of the Provincial Parks Department are represented in chronological order. This is the second of two records of communications, (document #25 representing the Communications at the Federal Fisheries and Oceans Department,) that were going on simultaneously during a 5 year period. 1994-1999. Government of British Columbia This series of documents presents an excellent chronological account of the often frustrating efforts of an organization in the community to facilitate a constructive solution to the destaffing of light stations and the simultaneous provision of on-site protection for a sensitive ecological area. .
June 20, 1994 Pearson College writes to The Hon. Moe Sihota, Minister of the Environment and Esquimalt – Metchosin MLA to request support for BC Parks involvement in an initiative to operate surplus facilities at Race Rocks as a marine education Centre.
June 29, 1994 Minister Sihota writes and expresses interest in the project.
Dec. 21, 1995 The Hon. Glen Clark, Minister of Employment and Investment writes to Federal Fisheries Minister Brian Tobin and request a delay in de-staffing light stations.
July 8, 1996 Newly appointed Environment Minister The Hon. Paul Ramsey writes to express interest in the plans for Race Rocks and to advise that a management plan is required before his Ministry can proceed. He expects the plan to take one year to be written.
July 25, 1996 Pearson College proposes fast tracking the management plan.
Sept. 20, 1996 The Ministry of Employment and Investment commissions a report to look into the potential of commercial uses for Race Rocks.
Oct. 11, 1996 Minister Ramsey writes to advise that the Province is considering a coast wide plan to operate light stations. Any decision on Race Rocks would wait for this review.
Oct. 29, 1996 Pearson College writes to BC Parks, District Manager, Mr. Dave Chater regarding the imminent closure of Race Rocks station, the need for rapid progress on the management plan and advises that the College will pursue Federal Marine Protected Area status for the Reserve.
Oct. 31, 1996 Mr. Denis O’Gorman, Assistant Deputy Minister of Parks writes to Mr. Rick Bryant, at Coast Guard, to advise that BC Parks did not have a use for surplus buildings at Race Rocks under the current management plan. A new plan would review this and it would be finished in early 1977.
Jan. 30, 1997 Newly appointed Minister of the Environment The Hon. Cathy McGregor writes to confirm the target date for completion of the management plan as early 1997.
Feb. 12, 1997 Assistant Deputy Minister O’Gorman writes to advise that BC Parks would support Pearson College’s application for a Crown lease on Race Rocks.
Mar. 1, 1997Pearson College takes over staffing Race Rocks under a temporary two year agreement with the Coast Guard.
April 11, 1997 Pearson College applies to BC Lands for a 30 year Crown lease for Race Rocks.
Dec. 19, 1997 Mr. Dave Chater writes that BC Parks is prepared to enter into an agreement in principle with Coast Guard. The draft management plan, which is still incomplete, is being amended.
April 14, 1998 Mr. Chris Kissinger, Resource Officer at BC Parks writes to Mr. Fred Stepchuk, Superintendent of Facilities, Coast Guard, to summarize repairs required to surplus facilities at Race Rocks prior to transfer to BC Parks.
Sept. 1, 1998 Minister Anderson announces Race Rocks will be a pilot Marine Protected Area.
Dec. 15, 1998 Mr. Dave Chater writes to Mr. Fred Stepchuk at Coast Guard regarding transfer of the surplus facilities.
Mar. 1, 1999 Pearson College staff remain at Race Rocks although BC Parks has not reached an agreement with Coast Guard regarding the transfer of facilities. The management plan is still not finished.

A Bold Initiative : racerocks.com

Posted on Monday,November 15, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

ARCHIVAL HISTORY:

A Bold Initiative

racerocks.com utilizes 21st century technology to maximum advantage to create a dynamic educational web experience utilizing the extraordinary marine eco-system at Race Rocks, Canada’s most southerly point in the Pacific.

Real time streaming video will webcast digital images of marine life from above and below the sea at Race Rocks. In addition, a complete environmental scan will be continually transmitted from the site using an array of data sensors.

The knowledge of the First Nations will be explored and explained as the Salish people share generations of experience in living in harmony with the abundance that once dominated this region and is now threatened.

Creative educators will develop internet-based curriculum to stimulate students and teachers to engage fully in the racerocks.com educational program. Researchers will share their studies and discoveries as we gain a new and deeper understanding of the ecosystem.

The Place

For centuries, deep ocean currents and the great rivers of the Georgia Basin have converged in the Strait of Juan de Fuca between southern Vancouver Island and Washington State. Race Rocks reveals itself as nine rocky outcrops thrust from the ocean floor in the middle of the strait.

For generations the people of the Salish Nation prospered in this region at the entrance to the Salish Sea. The extraordinary richness of this diverse eco-system represented by Race Rocks is valued today as it was then. Race Rocks has been an ecological reserve since 1980 and is likely to become Canada’s first internationally recognized Marine Protected Area.

The small, rocky outcrops are home to seals, sea lions, elephant seals and birds, as well as the buildings and equipment of the Race Rocks Lighthouse. These outcrops are literally the tip of the ecosystem. New leading-edge bathymetry reveals Race Rocks as a giant underwater mountain. The diversity of marine life is breathtaking and still not fully explored. The teachings of Salish elders merge with more recent science to explain the mysteries of nature at Race Rocks.

The Technology

Recent developments have made a complex real time streaming video site possible. As many as seven digital cameras and an array of data sensors above and below the ocean at Race Rocks will collect information. Connected by fire wire to computers on Great Race Island, the signal will be compressed and transmitted by broad band radio from the top of the Race Rocks light tower direct to nearby Pearson College. From Pearson College, through high speed fiber links to the racerocks.com server, the pictures and data will be available throughout the internet. Two-way interactive capability is being incorporated into the design to allow for specific educational programming.

The Partners

Pearson College– is one of ten United World Colleges located around the world. Two hundred students from over 80 countries study the International Baccalaureate curriculum during their two years at Pearson College. Garry Fletcher, a faculty member teaching Environmental Systems and Biology at Pearson College, is the educational director of racerocks.com. Garry and his students will guide the educational content of the site. Pearson College operates the former Race Rocks light station facilities as a education centre under an agreement with BC Parks. Pearson College is the lead proponent and partner directing the racerocks.com project.

LGS Group Inc. – is Canada’s largest full service IT consulting firm with 2100 employees in 20 offices in Canada, Europe and the US. LGS is donating the time and resources to provide project management and web design services in the creation of racerocks.com. Along with their ability to capitalize on emerging internet technologies to promote the project, LGS brings essential knowledge, skills, and expertise.

Telus– a leading Canadian telecommunications company, is providing the bandwidth and server capability to host racerocks.com. Skilled technical staff at Telus have assisted in the development and implementation of the project assuring high-speed delivery to the internet and accessibility to a large audience. Telus is donating this component to racerocks.com.

Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre-a leading organization in marine research and public education on the West Coast of Canada. The Marine Science Centre has committed a significant contribution of funds and expertise to the project. In return it will gain a new window for aquarium visitors into an ecologically sensitive marine world at the South tip of Vancouver Island.

Government Agencies- racerocks.com has received assistance from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in many aspects of the project development. BC Parks has provided the use of buildings and facilities at Race Rocks. Both levels of government are working cooperatively to create the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area.

Millennium Partnership Fund– racerocks.com would not have been possible without funding from the Canadian Millennium Partnership Fund of the Government of Canada. We are very grateful to the Federal Government and all those who assisted us in our application.

Affiliated Organizations

Apple Computers
Sony
Nuytco
Royal BC Museum
Open Learning Agency
Glentel

http://www.racerocks.com(now https://www.racerocks.ca)

Canada Millennium Partnership Program : Environmental Impact Questionnaire

Posted on Monday,November 1, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

SCHEDULE A

Canada Millennium Partnership ProgramEnvironmental Impact Questionnaire* Please return this completed questionnaire along with your application.* We are in receipt of your application but require additional information to properly assess the environmental effects of your project proposal. Please complete this questionnaire and return to:

Canada Millennium Partnership Program
Millennium Bureau of Canada
255 Albert Street, 10th Floor
P.O. Box 2000
Postal Station “Dt”
Ottawa, Ontario
K1P 1E5

If you require assistance in completing this form, contact Ana Maria Leyton at (613) 943-2540, Millennium Bureau of Canada.

The responses to this questionnaire will help to assess the environmental effects of your project proposal in accordance with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (Act). Completing this form as accurately and as fully as possible will expedite the processing of your proposal. Attach additional typewritten or hand printed sheets if you need more space. Please note that no federal funding support can be provided or committed to your project prior to compliance with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and regulations.

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

Millennium Bureau of Canada

Project File Number: F469441-III

ProjectName: racerocks. com

Environmental Assessment Contact Person:

Individual to be contacted for additional information regarding the environmental assessment of this project.

Name: Garry Fletcher
Address: Lester Pearson College
Telephone number : 250-391———-
Fax number: 250-391-2412——–
E-mail: gfletcher@———-

PAGE 2:FEDERAL COORDINATION REGULATIONS

1 ) In order to streamline the environmental assessment of this project at the federal level, please indicate whether you will be applying, or have applied, to any other federal or provincial department or department of agency for funding, permits or authorizations, or for the lease or sale of land related to this project.

Department	Nature of Departments Involvement in Project	Contact name	Telephone number
Fisheries&Oceans	Promoting the establishment of the Marine Protected Area	Marc Pakenham-250——–

It is the proponent’s responsibility to ensure that the proposed project or activity complies with all relevant federal, provincial, territorial and municipal laws and regulations. If applicable, attach a list of all permits required and standards known to apply to your project and describe how your project complies with them.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

2) Has a federal environmental assessment (EA) of this project been conducted or is one in the process of being undertaken? If so, please indicate who is undertaking or has undertaken the EA (name, organization, address and telephone number of the EA contact person) and provide a copy of the completed environmental assessment report.

3) Is this project subject to environmental assessment under your provincial environmental assessment process? If so, to avoid duplication refer to the EA findings prepared for the provincial process and attach the relevant documentation along with this completed form.

Environmental Impact Questionnaire 2 Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 3:PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4)Project Location:

Site name: GREAT RACE ROCKS

Street address: (ISLAND- Strait of Juan De Fuca)

City and Province: Victoria, British Columbia

Postal Code: na

Geographic location (Latitude and Longitude): UTM North(centroid)53480000, UTM East(centroid)460500\

Please indicate if the project is being carried out in or on a:

national park national park reserve national historic site

historic river heritage canal

reserve land (Indian Act) settled land claim area——-PILOT MARINE PROTECTED AREA

Exclusion List Considerations:

5) The Exclusion List Regulations specify certain types of projects that have insignificant environmental effects and do not require an EA. To help determine if this is the case for your

project, respond to the following questions:

a. Are all of the proposal activities not physical in nature? YES

b. Are all of the proposal activities physical activities that are not on YES

the Inclusion List Regulations?

Please refer to the Inclusion List Regulations on the CEAA web site at:

http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/act/incl_list_reg_e.htm

c. Is the proposed project the maintenance or repair of an existing NO
physical work (e.g., maintenance or repair of an existing road, bridge or building)?

d. Is the proposed project the expansion or modification of an existing road NO
or bridge, that would not:

– be undertaken outside the existing road right of way;
– lengthen the road;
– widen the road by more than 15%;
– be carried out in or on or within 30 m of a water body; or
– involve the likely release of a polluting substance into a water body.
e. Is the proposed project the construction or installation of a building with a NO
footprint of less than 100 m2 and a height of less than 5 m, that would not:
– be carried out in or on or within 30 m of a water body; or
-involve the likely release of a polluting substance into a water body?

Environmental Impact Questionnaire 3 Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 4f. Is the proposed project the expansion or modification of an existing building, including its fixed structures, that would not:

– increase the footprint or height of the building by more than 10 %; NO it would not increase

– be carried out in or on or within 30 m of a body of water; or YES the whole island is within 30 meters of the ocean

– involve the likely release of a polluting substance into a water body? NO it would not involve the release of polluting substances

g. Is the proposed project the construction, installation, expansion or
modification of a ramp, door or handrail to facilitate wheelchair access? NO,
If you answered “yes” to any of the above questions, your project may be excluded from the Act.

6) Please provide a detailed description of the project and the main activities that will be carried out in each of its phases. The project description should outline the scope of the project and provide information answering the questions: who, where, what, how and when. Please provide detailed project site plans, maps locating the proposed activities, or project specifications and drawings, specifying the dimensions of project structures. All undertakings in relation to a physical work or activities associated with the project, their locations, and scheduling details should be listed and described. If any of the following activities are to be carried out, please describe each component separately and in detail: construction, decommissioning or abandonment of a structure, operation phase, other activities.

Race Rocks.com– Introduction

Protection of the wildlife, both above and below the water, is the foundation of this project. Yet, the easily accessible location is under constant pressure from human activities. The experience of the current Reserve Guardians underscores the importance of constant vigilance–they have recorded harmful impacts on nesting populations and other species in the reserve area due to inappropriate use of the area by visiting boaters,divers, and fishers, Although recent reporting of activities to Fisheries and good cooperation in monitoring and follow-up has resulted in a good level of protection presently.

Race Rocks Marine Protected Area protects a significant high-current subtidal and intertidal ecosystem.

We propose to implement an innovative alternative to on-site visits on the reserve by developing a technological link that will provide Canadians with a means of visiting this fragile environment without environmental impact. To do this we will:
initiate 24-hour live interactive web-site connection from the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area.
relay high quality broadcast information to Canadians that showcases the unique marine environment.
develop a compelling web site for use in Canadian schools
create instructional strategies to educate users about marine environment, environmental issues, historical and First Nations use of the Area.
establish an electronic data bank of marine life and environmental conditions

This project is supported by several community groups and governmental agencies including: The Royal British Columbia Museum, The Vancouver Aquarium, LGS Inc., Open School, BC Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada

It is an exciting new project that is compatible with the goals of the Millennium Partnership program. In particular, it will contribute to the support of a sustainable environment while developing a unique Canadian initiative that partners technology and conservation.

The security of the reserve could be greatly enhanced by cameras with robotic control. In this way, limited human security services could be augmented by round the clock surveillance and monitoring by video and robots.

7) Describe the environment in which the project will take place, with particular attention to: land use, hydrology, topography, vegetation, presence of wildlife, etc.

Chart of the area and a map of the Island of Great Race Rocks are included.

8) Will the project occur in, on or within 30 meters of a water body? If yes, provide details. A water body includes rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, oceans or wetlands.

The Island of Great Race Rocks on which this is occurring is in the Strait of Juan de Fuca .It has been the site of a Coast Guard Since 1860

Environmental Impact Questionnaire?4?Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 5

9) Does the project involve cutting or removal of trees, shrubs or vegetation? If yes, provide details and specify the size of the area affected.

NO . The island is barren except for soil brought in by the Coast Guard in early years for gardens and lawns.

10) Are there any cultural heritage resources located on or off-site that could be potentially affected by the project? If yes, provide details.

Note: a cultural heritage resource is a human work or a place that has historic value such as
historical monuments, cultural landscapes, conservation areas, archaeological and underwater sites.

There are two historical resources, The 1860’s built tower, and the shipwreck of the Idaho off Rosedale reef, South of the island. Neither would be affected except in a positive way. Currently the Tower is leased from the BC government by the Coast Guard, so anything that affects it would have to be approved by them first anyway. The shipwreck is protected under BC legislation protecting all shipwrecks.

11) Will heavy equipment be used during or after project implementation or operation? If yes, provide details.
No

12) Does the project involve the handling, use, release or disposal of hazardous materials during or after project implementation (e.g., chemically-treated wood, lead-based paints, PCBs, asbestos, oil or gas tanks, resins, toxins, pesticides, fertilizers, caustic substances, etc.)? If yes, provide details.

13) Is the project likely to release any harmful or polluting substances into a water body during or after project implementation (e.g., silting, chemicals, waste, etc.)? If yes, provide details.

Environmental Impact Questionnaire 5? Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 614) Are there any other pertinent details concerning the project that could impact on the environment? If yes, provide details.

The only impact will be positive

. The Coast Guard Automated the Station in 1997. The station was destined for demolition. Intervention by Lester Pearson College has raised the funds since that time to support the previous light-keepers to stay on at the island so that the ecological reserve surrounding the island can be protected. Lester Pearson College is still supplying complete operating costs including fuel oil for the generator.

Our College had made the surrounding 256 hectares- to a depth of 36 meters, a provincial Ecological Reserve in 1980 . We obtained the assistance of the Institute of Ocean Sciences in 1981 to establish and maintain the current meter near the islands which eventually led to the creation of the Race Passage current tables –

We obtained a closure for commercial fisheries in 1990

Garry Fletcher , faculty in Biology and Environmental Systems at Lester Pearson College has been the Provincial Ecological Reserve Warden of the reserve since 1980, and is the project manager for this project.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

15) Is the project likely to affect unique, sensitive or endangered features of the natural environment and/or rare or endangered species of fauna or flora? If yes, provide details. The List of Canadian Wildlife at Risk is available through the COSEWIC Secretariat at: (819) 9974991 or e-mail: Sylvia.Normand@ec.gc.ca

The reserve also has ecologically important populations of benthic and free-floating invertebrates. It protects several rare species including the spiral white snail Opalia, and many rare hydroid species that represent unique Canadian or North American occurrences. It also provides haul out and feeding areas for elephant seals and sea lions as well as breeding areas for harbour seals and nesting habitat and resting areas for seabirds. Further, the area has been closed to commercial fin and shellfish harvesting since 1991.

It is these characteristics that make it such a unique environment for discovery and education, yet also threaten it:

there is a threat of poaching in the protected area — it is estimated that $10 million worth of commercial marine species could be poached from the reserve

because of the high concentrations of sea birds and mammals there is considerable tourist pressure – inappropriate activities in the area could threaten breeding populations and resident animals

it’s unique characteristics make it a highly desirable school outing — again, excessive demands placed on this natural system threaten the very qualities that distinguish it .

There will of course be no negative effect on any of the wildlife. The net effect should be a reduction of impact on wildlife as the educational value of the project will be directed at improving the public’s Interaction with the resources, and this technology should provide round-the clock monitoring ability in the area as well.

16) Is the project likely to disturb existing fish or wildlife or their habitats? If yes, provide details.

No, Our whole point of all our efforts so far has ben to promote conservation.

17) Is the project likely to disturb the existing drainage system? If yes, provide details.

18) Is the project likely to cause the release of noise or atmospheric emissions? If yes, provide details.

Environmental Impact Questionnaire 6?Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 7

19) Could the environmental effects resulting from the project adversely affect the cultural heritage resources identified in question 10? If yes, provide details.

20) Is there likely to be any public sensitivity to the project either during the project start-up or operation? If yes, describe the nature of the sensitivity and any action taken so far to assess or address the concerns (e.g., public complaints, media reactions, etc.).

No, we have good public support . The Fisheries and Oceans office in Victoria has recently established the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area Advisory Board, which is overseeing the project as well See the note below on this board. The local municipality awarded Lester Pearson College in September 1999, the award for the environmental citizen of the year for our work at Race Rocks .

21) Describe any other significant adverse environmental effects to air, water or land likely to result from your project and quantify their significance.

There will be no adverse effects

22) Will the change in environment produced by your project have any impact on health or socioeconomic conditions, physical or cultural heritage, land or resource use by Aboriginal peoples, or any structure or site of historical/paleontologicaVarchitectural significance? If yes, provide details.

Yes, Integral to this proposal is the mandate in September of 1998 from the then fisheries minister David Anderson in the naming of the Pilot phase of the Marine Protected Area, to involve First Nations fully in the implementation of Marine Protected Areas..

Race Rocks has been an important part of the West Coast First Nations for many generations. We have sought the First Nations History and have established the Clalum name for the area which means swift waters. We have already begun discussions with several individuals from local First Nations groups including: Esquimalt First Nations, Brentwood First Nations, Beecher Bay First Nations

We are committed to working with these groups to ensure that their history is honoured and that they will benefit from the project. This spring our local First Nations people will be participating in the interpretive and educational programming for the facility.

23) Describe any mitigating measures proposed to eliminate, reduce or control any adverse environmental effects of the project. Specify the extent to which these measures will mitigate the environmental effects. Indicate the expected significance of any adverse effects after the mitigation measures have been implemented.

1.By providing an increase in baseline data on bird and mammal populations, invertebrate and algae populations, and physical factors, the goals of conservation ecology can be enhanced.

2.Already, under Pearson College’s management over the past two years, much of the island of Great Race Rocks has started to return to native grasses, once kept trimmed by the CoastGuard. The noticeable effect has been a retention of water in the thin layer of soil for a longer period over the dry summer. It is believed that this may lead to nesting of other species of seabirds, especially alcids, requiring ground nesting habitat.

3.Last year, an artificial tidepool has been constructed in a previously barren intertidal site. This was done under permit from Ecological Reserves for research on ecological succession and colonization by hydroids and the operation of a tidepool camera and data monitoring station so that none of the natural tidepools would be affected.

4.Any equipment that my eventually be installed in the water will be made of materials not requiring anti-fouling substances. Stainless steel bolts will be the requirement if any installation is needed in rock.

5.Continual monitoring of the coastal area could help to prevent impacts from oil spills or ballast dumping at sea in the MPA.

6.When Lester Pearson College took over the management of the island in 1997, the first act to reduce sewage pollution from the assistant keepers house was to install a composting toilet. This has already enhanced the marine life in the intertidal inlet that previously had an open sewer from this house.

7.Currently the island is powered by a diesel generator which can provide ample power for the project. The light tower and foghorn have been automated with the installation of solar panels and batteries. It is our goal to eventually have alternate energy powering the whole island. The racerocks.com project could lead to a very high profile for such a level of sustainability to be promoted on the island. It is anticipated that further environmentally acceptable solar and wind generation alonfg with proper storage capacity could replace the present oil-burning generator, which costs us $11,000 in fuel to operate.

8. The main activity of installation will be in the months of January to May, before the bird nesting, and harbour seal pupping season and after the peak sealion haulout period has occurred in the fall period . At his time of year there is no impact on resident birds or mammals. During nesting season, cameras allowing closeup viewing of birds and mammals without human presence can be a great asset to conservation, and will enhance the monitoring of human activity in the MPA.

9. The major mitigation should be reduced ecotourism impacts by improved public awareness. For instance, when the public can be educated about the importance of not disturbing feeding or resting marine birds and mammals, a great service to promotion of sustainabilty will be achieved.

10. The island is also a haulout and breeding colony for over 200 harbour seals. A remotely operated camera would be able to provide an opportunity to observe their life cycle, year round, without human disturbance.

11. When fishers have easy access to see what is living underwater, they should be more appreciative of the need to set aside “No Take” areas for conservation purposes. Large populations of greenling, ling cod and rock fish have been allowed to establish in the reserve partially because of the increased monitoring and handing out of pamphlets in the reserve by our resident managers, the previous light keepers.

12. The increase in the past few years of commercial whale watching/marine mammal watching boats in the area has had the potential to become a major ecotourism negative effect on the area. In the past two months in two meetings with representatives of this group, great steps in cooperation have been achieved. The ability to provide educational information and to have constant monitoring of the activity of this group will certainly help to prevent any future abuse of the resource.

13, This project will ensure the opportunity to keep staff living on the island. Without this project and the support of our other sponsors, Lester Pearson College would have to destaff the island in the coming year, as there are no funds currently available from B.C. Parks or Fisheries to currently staff the island.

14. Perhaps the one new mitigating factor that will help most of all to ensure that all standards of conservation are met in any project like this in the future is the recent formation of the RACE ROCKS Marine Protected Area ADVISORY BOARD

This Board is serving in an advisory capacity for both levels of government in the operation of this marine protected area and therefore has direct responsibility for the operation of this project. It is also composed of a number of stakeholders/interest groups. At the first meeting of this board on December the second,1999, the racerocks.com project was presented and discussed with this board. This board will immediately work on the task of establishing an environmental screening process for this Marine protected Area for all future activities in the Area.

MEMBERS OF RACE ROCKS ADVISORY BOARD

> Cheryl Borris :chairperson of Friends Eco Reserves,

> Erin Bradley Dive community

> Howard Breen: Georgia Strait Alliance-

> Garry Fletcher:Pearson College faculty

> Kelly Francis :Fisheries &Oceans Division Head.

> Gordon Hanson:First Nations projects-advisor

> Dan Kukat:Sports Fish Advisory Board representative

> Lt. Cdr. Bill Laing :Dept. National Defence

> Angus Matthews : Pearson College, Administrator

> Jim Morris : B.C. Parks, Ecological Reserves management.

> Marc Pakenham : Fisheries & Oceans- Oceans Community Advisor – South Coast
Fisheries and Oceans Canada – Pacific

> Dr.John Pringle: Fisheries & Oceans, Habitat Protection Branch, IOS

> Tom Sampson: Coast Salish Sea, First Nations Repreesentative.

> Jennie Sparkes :Parks Canada, Victoria

> Keith Symington C.Parks&Wilderness Soc. Vancouver

> Dr. Anita Voss : Science, the major researcher to date on Hydroids in the Reserve.

> Scott Wallace :Science, UBC- PHD research on the Abalone populations of the Area.

> Kevin Walker :Whale Watchers Assoc.

We invite you to look at the complete proposal linked from the location of the following proposed site:

http://www.racerocks.com

This questionnaire has been surveyed by 20 second year students in the Environmental Systems Program of Lester Pearson College. Their critical evaluation of the project since it’s inception has been invaluable . I have used this as a case study of the Environmental Impact Processes as a tool in Ecological Conservation.

Garry Fletcher.

Environmental Impact Questionnaire 7 Canada Millennium Partnership Program

PAGE 8

24) Describe the monitoring or follow-up programs that you plan to undertake to assess the significance of the environmental impact of the project and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures taken.

There will be continuous monitoring by internet of both abiotic and biotic factors in the MPA as a result of this new technology. Records of web traffic to racerocks.com will determine the extent of public use of the internet site.

I certify that the above information is correct, complete and represents full disclosure of the facts.

Prepared by:Garry Fletcher

Date: December 1, 1999

Environmental Assessment Form 8 Canada Millennium Partnership Program

Canada Millennium Partnership Program: Approval Received

Posted on Tuesday,October 26, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

Note: The proposal for this funding was submitted in June of 1999.
Confirmation of funding was received today, October 26,1999.
Our special thanks to all those in the community who have written letters of support and especially to the former students of Pearson College who responded on short notice with letters that ensured the success of this project. ~G. Fletcher

See the Millennium Project Proposal

Environmental Impact questionnaire for the Millennium Project

The Millennium Project at Race Rocks

Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities

Posted on Wednesday,September 15, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

Managing Tourism and Recreational Activitiesin Canada’s Marine Protected Areas:
the Pilot Project atRace Rocks, British Columbia ~ Louise V. Murgatroyd ~

Graduate Research Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Management

at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

~ September 1999 ~

by Louise V. Murgatroyd

Marine Affairs Program

The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a graduate research project entitled Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities in Canada’s Marine Protected Areas: the Pilot Project at Race Rocks, British Columbia, by Louise V. Murgatroyd in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Management.

Supervised by:

Dr. Martin Willison

School for Resource and Environmental Studies

Dalhousie University

Signature

Date Dalhousie University

Date: ??3 September 1999

Author:?Louise V. Murgatroyd

Title: ?Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities in Canada’s Marine Protected Areas: the Pilot Project at Race Rocks, British ColumbiaSchool: :Marine Affairs Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies

Degree: Master of Marine Management Convocation:October

Year:1999

Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions.

Signature of Author

The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the graduate project nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission.

The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in this graduate project (other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged.

Table of ContentsExecutive Summary?*

List of Abbreviations?*

Acknowledgements?*

1. Introduction?*

2. Tourism, Recreation and Marine Protected Areas?*

2.1 Coastal and Marine Tourism?*2.2 Tourism and Marine Protected Areas?*

2.3 Economics, Conservation and Education?*

2.4 Coastal Tourism and Marine Protected Areas in British Columbia?*

2.4.1 Tourism?*

2.4.2 Marine Protected Areas?*

3. The Pilot Marine Protected Area Project at Race Rocks?*

3.1 Geography, Ecosystem and Heritage?*3.2 Race Rocks Ecological Reserve?*

3.3 Tourism and Recreation at Race Rocks?*

3.3.1 Whale Watching/Wildlife Viewing?*

3.3.2 Scuba diving?*

3.3.3 Recreational Fishing?*

3.3.4 Kayaking/Boating?*

3.3.5 Research and Education?*

3.4 Impacts from Recreational Activities?*

3.4.1 Threats to Ecosystem and Wildlife?*

3.4.2 Conflicts?*

3.5 Current Management Regime?*

3.5.1 BC Parks and Pearson College?*

3.5.2 The Light-keepers?*

3.6 Management Issues for Tourism and Recreation at Race Rocks?*

4. Selected Examples of Current MPA Management Practice for Tourism and Recreation?*

4.1 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park?*4.2 The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park?*

4.3 The Fathom Five Marine Park?*

4.4 The Bonaire Marine Park?*

5. Managing Tourism and Recreation: Recommendations for Race Rocks?*

5.1 Zoning?*5.2 Mooring Buoys?*

5.3 User Fees?*

5.4 Codes of Conduct/Wildlife Viewing Guidelines?*

5.5 Education and Interpretation?*

5.6 Tour Operator and Staff Training?*

5.7 Permits?*

5.8 Partnerships for Stewardship/Stakeholder and Community Participation?*

5.9 Custodians?*

5.10 Monitoring and Research?*

6. Conclusion?*

7. Appendices?*

7.1 Appendix I: Race Rocks Ecosystem?*7.2 Appendix II: Boat Activity at Race Rocks in 1997?*

7.3 Appendix III: Example of Incident Report Form?*

7.4 Appendix IV: Whale watching guidelines?*

8. References?*

Executive Summary

Marine tourism is a major component of a massive global tourism industry. Extensive visitation to coastal and marine areas has lead to marine environmental degradation, compromising the very values that make these environments attractive to tourists. Marine protected areas (MPAs) strive to conserve biodiversity and ecological processes, many of which coincide with the above-mentioned values. Tourism and MPAs can have a mutually beneficial relationship: MPAs provide venues for tourism and tourism, through education and awareness-raising, can create support for marine conservation, MPAs and other integrated coastal management strategies.

Race Rocks, a group of tiny islands near Victoria, British Columbia, is one of five national pilot MPA project sites currently being examined by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The site hosts abundant and diverse wildlife and is heavily visited tourists and recreational users from the greater Victoria area. These include whale watching operators, scuba divers and recreational fishers. While already protected as a provincial ecological reserve, the pilot MPA project will pursue additional strategies involving government, industry and other stakeholders to ensure that negative impacts from mounting visitor use are minimised.

Examples of effective management strategies for tourism and recreation in existing MPAs around the world are provided, such as the Great Barrier Reef and Bonaire Marine Parks. Recommendations are made for the pilot MPA at Race Rocks and include a combination of government and industry regulation, comprehensive education and interpretation programs, and extensive consultation with relevant stakeholders to ensure effective management strategies which encourage compliance among users and require minimal enforcement.

List of AbbreviationsCCGOBS?Canadian Coast Guard Office of Boating Safety

DFO??(Department of) Fisheries and Oceans Canada

EMC??environmental management charge

EPGC??The Economic Planning Group of Canada

ER??ecological reserve

FFNMP?Fathom Five National Marine Park

GBRMP?Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

GBRMPA?Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

LUCO??Land Use Co-ordination Office

MEF??Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Faune (Québec)

MMRG?Marine Mammal Research Group

MPA??marine protected area

OUC??Ontario Underwater Council

SFAB??Sport Fishing Advisory Board

SSLMP?Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park

AcknowledgementsThe work presented forthwith would not have been possible without the kind assistance and support of a number of individuals and groups. Thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the following: Fisheries and Oceans Canada for providing financial support and an office at its Coast Guard facility in Victoria; to Christine van Horne, for arranging the internship with the department and for providing a roof over my head; to Yvette Myers for putting me in touch with Christine; to Doug Andrie who provided valuable contacts and access to meetings, in addition to expertise on local sushi establishments; and to Marc Pakenham for his unerring enthusiasm and passion for Race Rocks, deux chevaux and great music! Thanks also to the numerous individuals, many of whom are cited in the reference section, who provided their time and invaluable background information during various interviews.

Further thanks go to the staff and students of Pearson College, and the lightkeepers Carol and Mike Slater, who showed me what an extraordinary place of wonder and learning is located at Race Rocks and who continue to care for it. Garry Fletcher and Angus Matthews were extremely helpful in providing unlimited access to an extensive database of information and contacts. Special thanks go to Chris Blondeau who, in addition to becoming a friend, took a shivering tropical diver and immersed her in the chilly waters of the Pacific Ocean in a scuba tank, thus providing an introduction to the phenomenal wealth of marine life at Race Rocks. Without this experience, my understanding and appreciation of the Rocks would have indeed been deficient. Thanks also to Dr. Joe MacInnis, a source of inspiration to all who are concerned about the world’s oceans, for his continued interest and enthusiasm for my progress in the master’s program, and whose deep appreciation for Race Rocks will help to secure its future for the benefit of all Canadians.

Finally, to my family and friends, for whom there are not words sufficient to express . . .

The World below the BrineThe world below the brine,Forests at the bottom of the sea, the branches and leaves,Sea-lettuce, vast lichens, strange flowers and seeds, the thicktangle, openings, and pink turf,Different colors, pale gray and green, purple, white, and gold,the play of light through the water,Dumb swimmers there among the rocks, coral, gluten, grass,rushes, and the aliment of the swimmers,Sluggish existences grazing there suspended, or slowlycrawling close to the bottom,The sperm-whale at the surface blowing air and spray, ordisporting with his flukes,The leaden-eyed shark, the walrus, the turtle, the hairysea-leopard, and the sting-ray,Passions there, wars, pursuits, tribes, sight in thoseocean-depths, breathing that thick-breathing air, as somany do,The change thence to the sight here, and to the subtle airbreathed by beings like us who walk this sphere,The change onward from ours to that of beings who walkother spheres.Walt Witman
1. Introduction
Witman’s words are an appropriate introduction to a research project which examines the management of an industry that relies on the draw of the wonder expressed in the poem. Our enjoyment of the seaside manifests itself in a growing multi-billion dollar global tourism industry that shows no signs of slowing down. We swim, snorkel, dive, sail, paddle, cruise and visit aquariums and maritime museums along the coastlines of the world’s oceans in massive numbers. Indeed, what could be more telling of our curiosity

for a glimpse into the nature of that mysterious realm than the delivery, in 1998, of the first-ever tourists to the grave of the Titanic, buried deep beneath the surface of the sea.

Despite this apparent fascination, the extent of our knowledge and understanding of the seas remains but a drop in the oceanic bucket. And much to our discredit as a species, we pollute, deplete, plunder and generally degrade the marine environment with an ignorance that borders on wilful. Long utilised as a receptacle for waste and considered to be an endless bounty of resources, the health of the oceans is failing due to human abuse. As a result, efforts world-wide now concentrate on more integrated approaches towards managing the marine environment to stem a tide of degradation that could spell ecological disaster for the planet.

To this end, marine protected areas (MPAs) have emerged as an important tool in ocean conservation, and the management of tourism and recreation activities within MPAs has become an important issue for the protection of marine and coastal resources. The reasons for this are two-fold: tourism has great potential as an activity that can have a minimal impact on the marine environment while generating income for the communities at its borders; and, as greater numbers of tourists seek more educational experiences in natural environments, MPAs provide invaluable settings for the dissemination of marine ecological information, creating corps of aware and concerned citizens to support ocean and coastal conservation.

As increasing human demands are placed upon ocean resources by tourism, in addition to other marine sectors, ensuring the compatibility of tourist activities with the protection of an MPA’s resources and environmental quality is critical. Poor planning and management in the past, coupled with tremendous growth in the industry world-wide, has compromised the health of marine environments everywhere. Furthermore, emerging evidence of negative impacts associated with tourism development, often labelled nature-tourism or eco-tourism, has called into question their status as relatively ‘benign’.

In keeping with growing efforts to establish MPAs around the world, Canada has recently embarked on a national initiative to establish MPAs in the in- and off-shore environments along its extensive coastlines. To test strategies that deal with a variety of management issues for the establishment of MPAs, several pilot projects are underway. It is hoped that these pilot MPAs will ultimately receive formal designation under the Oceans Act, setting the example for successive efforts. One such project is the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area located just outside Victoria, British Columbia. Announced in September of 1998, the Race Rocks pilot site provides a venue for the consideration of a number of management issues particularly with respect to tourism and recreation. Of significant cultural, historical and ecological value to the local tourism industry, the site has experienced considerable growth in visitation over the past decade, raising concerns regarding the impacts of this activity on its distinctive marine ecosystem.

The management plan for the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area Pilot Project is in its iterative stages of development and public consultation by relevant government agencies. This research project is intended to provide an overview of the main issues involved with respect to the tourism and recreation portion of this plan, and to highlight some further areas for research. It also brings together some of the tourism management literature as it pertains to MPAs, and offers some recommendations for consideration at Race Rocks. It is hoped that the research project may serve as a starting point for more detailed analysis and further discussion.

2. Tourism, Recreation and Marine Protected Areas

2.1 Coastal and Marine Tourism

Tourism is one of the largest economic sectors world-wide with marine and coastal tourism comprising a major component of the industry (Anonymous 1995). World Tourism Organization statistics for 1997 record 612 million international tourist arrivals, with expenditures of US $443 billion, and the industry continues to grow (World Tourism Organisation 1998). Coastal and marine tourism includes “any activities, attractions or facilities/services which take place on the ocean or along the coastline or which involve a marine-based theme . . . such as sailing, sea kayaking and whale watching, coastal sightseeing and touring and attractions, parks accommodations, festivals and special events with a marine theme or location” (EPGC 1997, p. i). The popularity of coastal tourism stems from its ability “to provide both terrestrial and aquatic recreational opportunities to tourists during a single trip” (Bailey 1998, p. 31).

Coastal areas are often an important factor in the selection of a tourist destination as evidenced by the mass tourism market that has evolved around the “sun, sea and sand” destinations of coastal tropical nations. However, the popularity of the sea-side vacation is not limited to the tropics: a 1997 study on marine tourism in Nova Scotia found that 88% of tourists surveyed indicated that the seacoast was either critical or important to the selection of Nova Scotia as their holiday destination (EPGC 1997). Unfortunately, intensive visitation to coastal environments has resulted in a host of negative impacts to the environment. Habitat such as mangroves and grasslands has been lost as areas are cleared for development. The construction of resorts and hotels coupled with beach

management efforts has lead to coastal erosion. Inadequate or non-existent sewage treatment facilities in many areas means that human wastes are often discharged directly into the sea both from land and from ships, while anchors from small recreational craft and giant cruise liners damage coral reefs and other benthic organisms. Finally, fishery and invertebrate resources are harvested to depletion to supply the tourist trade in both restaurants and souvenir shops.

2.2 Tourism and Marine Protected Areas

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature provides a widely accepted definition of MPAs as follows: “any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying waters and associated flora, fauna, and historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation to manage and protect part or all of the enclosed environment” (Kelleher & Kenchington 1992). In addition to the protection of marine biodiversity, often from the very threat of damage due to visitation, providing tourism and recreational opportunities has been a major impetus for the of MPAs around the world. Overall objectives for marine parks include the provision of “protection, wise use, understanding and enjoyment” (GBRMPA 1999a) of ecosystems “for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations” (Parks Canada and MEF 1995, p. 5). Implicit in these statements is the fact that people will, and indeed should, visit these areas in such a way that the ecosystem remains intact and unharmed for future appreciation. In order to achieve this end, “[a]ctive environmental planning and resource protection programs are essential for effective management to balance park uses with the capabilities of the resource to sustain such use indefinitely” (Marion and Rogers 1994, p. 154).

The values that MPAs are established to protect are coincident with those sought after by tourists. For example, in the case of scuba dive tourism, “[t]he special features and values of [MPAs] – the reasons they were declared in the first place – are also the reasons that such areas attract divers” (Davis and Tisdell 1996, p. 230). For most marine tourism and recreation activities, such values are associated with those aesthetic and amenity qualities which rely on healthy marine ecosystems. These include flora and fauna that are unique, diverse or abundant, good water quality and visibility, unspoiled or pristine landscapes and the absence of over-crowding (Davis and Tisdell 1995).

2.3 Economics, Conservation and Education

Tourism is emerging as a major economic sector of marine industries against a backdrop of dwindling fishery resources in our seas. Its potential to provide a means of supplemental, if not alternative, livelihood for coastal communities is being tapped around the world. Bailey (1998) writes that “communities that rely on tourism as their economic base are in many ways quite similar to communities that are dependent upon logging, fishing, agriculture or any other natural resources system” (p. 31). MPAs, like their terrestrial counterparts, have become venues for various forms of tourism which utilise natural environments and provide economic development opportunities for local communities. Davis and Tisdell (1996) write that “[t]he granting of protected area status may also make these areas better known and easier to promote, again leading to heavier recreational use by groups” (p. 230). In addition to economic benefits to local communities, revenue generated from protected areas can be channelled into maintenance costs and funding for research.

Controlled marine tourism has been characterised as non-extractive and non-degrading and has therefore not been associated with the negative impacts of such extractive industries as commercial fishing or minerals exploitation (Agardy 1993). However, heavy or poorly managed visitation to protected areas, no matter how well-intentioned, can result in loving an area ‘to death’. As Post (1994) writes, “economic benefits have little significance in the context of the aim of national parks and protected areas (the preservation of ecosystems) if these benefits are generated in a way which destroys the ecosystem” (p. 336). Furthermore, “[p]ermitting unlimited and unregulated tourism development and use of protected environments will ultimately erode the very values which contributed to their designation as parks and reserves (Marion and Rogers 1994, p. 154). Therefore, tourism activities in protected areas, and indeed all natural environments, must be conducted in such a way as to uphold conservation principles.

Public education and awareness-building effected through interpretation programs in protected areas are one of the most important aspects of protected area management whenever visitation is permitted. The benefits of education, such as generating support for biodiversity protection and conservation, are accrued not only to the visitor population, but to local communities, tour and associated industry operators, and all other relevant stakeholders.

Since the tourism and recreational activities permitted within MPAs utilise the natural resources protected therein, these activities are generally considered to fall under the category of eco-tourism. Recent eco-tourism literature defines the term largely in keeping with the definition provided by the Ecotourism Society which states that eco-tourism is “responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people” (1997). The eco-tourism debate rages in the literature with respect to proper definitions and the types of activities which fall into this category, and it is not the intention of this author to enter in to such a debate. However, it must be acknowledged that the eco-tourism label has become subject to over-use in the tourism industry and today connotes almost any activity that involves the natural environment. Taking responsibility for conservation and regard for local communities are central to eco-tourism in addition to active education programs which increase awareness.

Modern tourists have greater experience in international travel than the tourists of the past and are “more likely to seek educational components in their tourism experiences” (Aiello 1998, p. 52). MPAs are well-suited to accommodate this demand and visitation has its benefits, as Ballantine (1995) writes:

We can learn from theory, but it is much easier to learn from direct experience. If some representative marine reserves are created, and people encouraged to visit them, the idea would quickly become more popular and accepted. However, many existing marine protected areas actually prohibit public access. The reasons given include the protection of scientific work, the needs of rare or endangered species, and safety or secrecy (many military areas are effective marine reserves). Only rarely do marine reserves prohibit extractive activities and welcome people to come and appreciate their full natural marine heritage, thus learning about its complex intrinsic properties and the need for caution in exploitation (p. 6).With education as a fundamental objective of MPAs, tourism and conservation can be seen to develop what Agardy (1993) terms a “symbiosis” where the “relationship between tourism and coastal protection is bi-directional; tourism provides incentives for protection, and well-managed protected areas provide incentives for visitation” (p. 226-227).

2.4 Coastal Tourism and Marine Protected Areas in British Columbia

2.4.1 Tourism

Tourism is a growing sector of the BC economy and the second largest export industry after forestry in the province (Tourism British Columbia). In 1998, 21.3 million tourist visits generated $8.7 billion in revenue (Ministry of Small Business Tourism and Culture 1999). The province markets itself as “Super, Natural British Columbia” and promotes tourism products and services which consist primarily of activities involving the outdoors.

In addition to its exceptional value in terms of biological productivity, fishery resources and cultural heritage, the Pacific coast contains “a vast array of recreational opportunities” (DFO and LUCO 1998, p. 9) and is popular for cruising, sailing, kayaking, wildlife viewing, scuba diving and sport fishing. Activity-specific and up-to-date information regarding marine and coastal tourism in BC is difficult to obtain. In 1989, revenues from marine-related tourism were estimated at $222 million with nearly 800 marine-based tour operators in existence (ARA Group 1991). And one recent estimate reports that “one in every three dollars spent on tourism in B.C. goes toward marine or marine-related activities” (DFO and LUCO 1998, p. 8).

Sport fishing is the most popular activity, generating the greatest amount of revenue with the largest number of operators (Price Waterhouse and ARA Consulting Group Inc. 1991). British Columbia is also well recognised internationally as an excellent dive destination offering a variety of diving on historic wrecks, artificial reefs and natural rocky reefs, all of which host diverse and colourful marine life. “In a recent divers survey, British Columbia’s coast was rated as the best overall destination in North America, even when compared to such tropical destinations as the Florida Keys, the Gulf of Mexico and southern California” (DFO and LUCO 1998, p. 9) and the industry was valued at $4 million dollars in 1993 (Eggen 1997). Clearly coastal and marine activities are a significant component of tourism in British Columbia and will be an important consideration within the context of MPAs.

2.4.2 Marine Protected Areas

There are currently 104 marine areas on BC’s coasts that have been afforded some degree of protection (DFO and LUCO 1998). These exist in the form of marine parks, ecological reserves, wildlife management areas and fisheries closures, each with specific conservation and recreation objectives, and are managed by various government agencies (DFO and LUCO 1998). The designation of MPAs in BC has occurred on a sporadic, ad hoc basis, through a variety of federal and provincial legislative instruments (DFO and LUCO 1998). However, since 1994 the provincial and federal governments have been developing a joint strategy for marine protected areas in BC resulting in the 1998 release of a discussion paper entitled Marine Protected Areas: A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast (Barr et al. 1999).

The strategy identifies primary objectives for the establishment of MPAs which include the protection of biodiversity and representative ecosystems, the conservation of fishery resources and habitats, the protection of cultural heritage resources, the provision of opportunities for scientific research and the sharing of traditional knowledge, and the enhancement of education and awareness (DFO and LUCO 1998). Also included is the provision of opportunities for recreation and tourism:

MPAs can support marine and coastal outdoor recreation and tourism, as well as the pursuit of activities of a spiritual or aesthetic nature. The protection of special recreation features, such as boat havens, safe anchorages, beaches and marine travel routes, as well as the provision of activities such as kayaking, SCUBA diving, and marine mammal watching will help to secure the wealth and range of recreational and tourism opportunities available along the coast.

(DFO and LUCO 1998, p. 13)

Providing opportunities for tourism and recreation will be an important element of the MPA strategy, in view of the province’s growing outdoor tourism industry and indeed considerable evidence of the strong links between tourism and MPAs from around the world.

3. The Pilot Marine Protected Area Project at Race RocksAgardy (1993) writes that “marine protected areas, encompassing everything from small-scale, traditional marine parks to large biosphere reserves, provide a necessary geographical focal area in which to plan multiple use management and demonstrate its effectiveness” (p. 221). With the passage of the Oceans Act in 1997, Canada has embarked on a strategy for the integrated management of its oceans and coasts, a major component of which is a program for the establishment of a national system of MPAs, under the leadership and facilitation of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) (DFO and LUCO 1998).

As the initial phase of this program, DFO has selected five pilot MPA projects which represent a ‘learn-by-doing’ approach to MPA selection and designation (DFO and LUCO 1998). Four of the projects are located off the Pacific coast with Race Rocks and Gabriola Passage representing the nearshore environment, while two projects have been established offshore at the Bowie Sea Mount and Endeavour Hydrothermal Sea Vent. The fifth project is located at the Gully off the coast of Nova Scotia. These projects have been designed to test various aspects of MPA implementation including the determination of objectives, opportunities for stakeholder partnerships and co-management arrangements, the establishment of criteria for the evaluation of MPA proposals, and co-ordination between various levels of government and non-government agencies (DFO and LUCO 1998).

The pilot project at Race Rocks, a group of small islets located 17 km from Victoria, off

the southern tip of Vancouver Island (Figure 1), was designated in 1998. Specific elements to be tested there focus on federal-provincial partnership and complementary management plans and strategies, and the application of joint federal and provincial legislation as the area is already protected by the province (DFOa). Stakeholders in the area include DFO, BC Parks, First Nations, tourism operators, research and education interests, recreational fishers and boaters, and the Department of National Defence which owns much of the adjacent coastal land and conducts underwater explosives testing in the area.

Figure 1: The location of Race Rocks, approximately 17 km from Victoria, the major departure point for tourists visiting the site (Source: DFOa).Much of the literature on tourism and MPAs focuses on tropical marine environments and reflects the location of the majority of MPAs world-wide. With respect to MPAs in general, “[t]emperate waters such as Canada’s have not been the subject of the same level of conservation efforts and the high levels of public awareness that, for example, the Great Barrier Reef generates” (DFO and LUCO 1998, p. 6). Race Rocks, and the other pilot MPA projects, will help to address this situation, particularly as they are intended to become the first wave of MPAs in Canada’s national system.

3.1 Geography, Ecosystem and Heritage

The nine islets which comprise Race Rocks have a total area above sea-level of less than one hectare. Strong tidal currents “racing” past the rocks at up to seven knots give the site its name. The islets form the peak of a submarine mountain and the substrate is characterised as continuous rock consisting of cliffs, chasms, benches and surge channels (Figure 2) (BC Parks 1998). The area is nestled between the straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia, in the transition zone between open ocean and coastal waters, and currents supply nutrient-rich waters from Pacific upwellings, the estuarine-fed waters of the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound.

Race Rocks is distinguished for the wide variety and number of marine mammals found there including Northern and California sea lions, harbour, northern fur and elephant seals, river otters, Dall’s and harbour porpoises, orcas and gray whales. Many sea birds also nest on the rocks including pelagic and Brandt’s cormorants, pigeon guillemots, black oystercatchers and glaucous-winged gulls (DFOa). Invertebrate species present include octopi, sea stars, a variety of sponges, corals, sea anemones, giant barnacles, sea grasses, giant kelp and other algae, and hydroids (DFOa; BC Parks 1998). Numerous examples of fish species can also be found including salmon, halibut, Ling cod and wolf eel (DFOa; BC Parks 1998).

Figure 2: Hydrographic survey of Race Rocks in two dimensions. The black regions represent land exposed above sea level (Source: Canadian Hydrographic Service via Pearson College 1999).

Great Race Rock is the largest of the islands and is not included in the Ecological Reserve. It houses the second oldest lighthouse tower on Canada’a Pacific coast. The tower was built in 1860 from granite shipped from England as ballast. An important aid to navigation which warns mariners off the dangerous rocks, the station became fully automated in 1997. Two houses remain on the island which accommodate the former lightkeepers, who now act as custodians, and researchers. Since automation, the federal government has been working to restore the land around the lighthouse, previously under lease, to the province. Historically , local First Nations have harvested a number of species at the site though these uses are not well-documented at present (Fletcher 1999). Consultation with these groups with respect to the pilot MPA and the incorporation of traditional knowledge into educational programs has begun, and MPA designation will be further subject to the treaty negotiation process (DFOa; Lavoie 1998; Fletcher 1999; Matthews 1999, pers. comm.).

3.2 Race Rocks Ecological Reserve

One of the unique features of Race Rocks in terms of the pilot project is its status, since 1980, as a provincial ecological reserve (ER). ERs are established in terrestrial and marine environments throughout British Columbia for the protection of areas representative of the province’s ecology, unique habitats and rare or endangered species (BC Parks). They are further intended to provide scientific and educational opportunities and therefore tourism and recreation are not actively promoted within these sites.

The establishment of the ER at Race Rocks was initiated by a proposal put forth to the province by students and staff at the Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific (Pearson College) who use the site extensively as part of their science curriculum. Chosen for “its unique richness and diversity of marine life,” (BC Parks) the boundaries of the reserve follow the 20 fathom/36.6 metre depth contour (Figure 3) and contain a total area of 220 hectares (BC Parks). Race Rocks has received considerable attention in local and regional print media with respect to the natural features of the area, its status as an ecological reserve and the automation of the light station.

Figure 3: Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as found on Canadian Hydrographic Service nautical charts. Soundings are in metres and the black dotted line follows the 36.6 metre depth contour which delineates the boundary of the reserve (Source: Canadian Hydrographic Service 1999).ERs are legally established through the BC Ecological Reserves Act and administered by BC Parks. Regulations include the prohibition of anchoring and the requirement for a permit for any commercial and research activities (Kissinger 1999, pers. comm.; Pearson College 1999b). ERs are also subject to the BC Park Act which explicitly states the requirement for permits for anyone acting or offering services as a guide. The act defines a guide as “a person who, for compensation or reward received or promised, accompanies, assists or provides a service to another person” (Park Act 1990, Section 2.1). However, due to lack of resources, the administration of this regulation at Race Rocks has not been a priority action for the ministry (Biffard 1999, pers. comm.). The Race Rocks ER is further protected by full DFO closures to all commercial and recreational fisheries except for sport fishing of salmon and halibut.

3.3 Tourism and Recreation at Race Rocks

Race Rocks is a popular area for whale watching operators, scuba divers, recreational fishers, boaters and kayakers. Data indicating current levels of these uses at the site are largely unavailable. Rather, general information exists in the form of overall trends for visitation to the province and southern Vancouver Island, and certain water-based tourism activities in which visitors engage. In 1998, over 5.5 million visitors travelled to Victoria generating roughly $7.5 billion in revenue (Tourism British Columbia 1998). Of those who visited from outside the province, 16% participated in marine-based activities such as whale watching and boating (Tourism British Columbia 1998).

Tourism Victoria has recently begun breaking down its exit surveys of participant activities into segments and includes a “Water Based Recreation” Category. In its visitor reporting for 1998, 19.7% of parties visiting Victoria had at least one member who participated in either boating fishing or whale watching (Tourism Victoria 1999). Furthermore, whale watching and water-based recreation (i.e. boating, sailing, canoeing, kayaking and swimming) placed high in the top ten list of activities which respondents would like do on a return trip (Tourism Victoria 1999). Data such as this help to provide an overall indication of the popularity and potential for growth of certain activities but is insufficient for the needs of planning and management for the pilot MPA.

Data describing numbers of vessels operating in and around Race Rocks is also difficult to obtain. The municipality of Victoria grants licenses to tour companies operating vessels which use dock facilities in its harbour. However, vessels are classified as ‘sightseeing’ and consist of whale watching, dinner cruises, sailing charters and other activities such that whale watching/wildlife viewing is not specifically indicated. Furthermore, tour companies operate from a number of local harbours which lie in other municipalities, therefore this is not a reliable source of information. Private and commercial vessel registry is administered by either Transport Canada or Canada Customs, depending on the tonnage of the vessel, and no central database exists with respect to the commercial activities of these vessels.

The following sections will outline general use and industry profiles and levels and, for the reasons stated above, is not intended to serve as a comprehensive investigation.

3.3.1 Whale Watching/Wildlife Viewing

Wildlife viewing is by far the most prevalent tourism activity at Race Rocks. Trip sales in Victoria’s whale watching industry grew from 1400 in 1987 to 8000 in 1997 with the number of vessels increasing from five boats in 1993 to 40 in 1998 (Obee 1998). The 1998 Victoria Visitor Report recorded that 9% of non-resident visitors participated in whale watching during that year. Upon entering the visitor information centre in Victoria, the visitor is confronted with a large wall display of pamphlets promoting the activity in the greater Victoria area. The author collected 21 pamphlets advertising both dedicated whale watching operators and those offering a number of marine tourism activities of which whale watching was one.

While whales are indeed sited in the area, the majority of whale watching activities do not take place at Race Rocks itself and very few companies offer dedicated wildlife viewing tours of Race Rocks. Rather, the site is used frequently as a stop-over en route to or from whale sightings further west in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, or as an alternative, “Plan B”, site in the absence of whales (Figure 4) (Fletcher 1999). Bruce Obee, a popular BC travel writer, writes that while killer whales provide a primary attraction in the industry, “an evolving fraternity of marine-mammal aficionados is arriving, like birders, with lifelong species lists. They’re looking specifically for grey whales and humpbacks, Dall’s and harbour porpoises, Pacific and white-sided dolphins, harbour seals, California and Steller’s sea lions” (1998, p. 8). The majority of vessels are rigid-hull inflatables with a capacity of twelve passengers and two crew and are capable of high speeds in order to reach the whales. These are generally crewed by a captain and an on-board naturalist who provides whale and wildlife interpretation. Some companies combine these roles in one crew member.

Figure 4: Race Rocks is often included on the itinerary of whale watching vessels en route to or from, or in the absence of, a whale sighting. On board naturalists provide interpretation of wildlife in the reserve which includes seals, sea lions, eagles and a variety sea birds (Source: Author 1999).

The majority of Victoria’s whale watching operators are members of the Whale Watching Operators Association Northwest (WWOANW), an industry-generated organisation consisting of approximately 30 operators from Canada and the US. It was created in response to the growth of the industry in the Puget sound area and the need for communication and co-operation between operators, in addition to concerns over the welfare of the whales (Bennett 1999). In keeping with a growing trend among whale watching operators around the world, and the absence of formal regulation, the organisation has developed its own guidelines for the operation of vessels around marine mammals and birds. The WWOANW also contributes funds to various whale research organisations such as The Whale Museum at Friday Harbour in Washington’s San Juan Islands.

WWOANW members assist in the Museum’s Soundwatch program which seeks to foster stewardship and public awareness and to minimise the impacts of recreational and commercial vessels in the region (Kukat 1999, pers. comm.; Rhodes 1999, pers. comm.; The Whale Museum 1999). Curiously, very few of the Victoria-based operators advertise their membership with WWOANW, their adherence to the whale watching guidelines or contributions to whale research. Whatever the reason for this, heightening awareness of this type of participation would serve to better educate the consumer in the selection of subsequent operators in the future.

3.3.2 Scuba diving

Look into thought and say what dost thou see;Dive, be not fearful how dark the waves flow;Sing through the surge, and bring pearls up to me;Deeper, ay, deeper; the fairest lie low.Charlotte Brontë, from Diving

Data for diver usage at Race Rocks are also vague. In 1995, roughly 1300 divers were recorded in the guest book kept on the dock at Great Race Rock (Grant 1996). However, as many divers do not land on the island, this is not an accurate

measure. The site is offered as a regular weekend destination by one Victoria dive shop, the Ogden Point Dive Centre, which takes an estimated 500 divers per year (Bradley 1999, pers.comm.). Other dive operators in the Victoria and Sydney areas run dive charters to the site on demand by groups throughout the year A number of provincial dive societies also make use of the site, in addition to private users.

Figure 5: Race Rocks offers spectacular diving as experienced by the author on two successive dives. Unfortunately, the wolf eel pictured above eluded the author on both occasions. Conditions at the site require advance training and close attention to tide tables as divers can be easily caught in strong currents (Source: Pearson College 1998).Due to the presence of strong currents, diving at Race Rocks requires advanced dive experience and mobile surface support from vessels, although some vessels make use of the dock at Great Race Rock from which divers can enter the water. The brochure for the ER makes the following recommendations with respect to the conduct of diving at the site:

The best time to dive at Race Rocks is on a slack tide that changes to a flood. It is best to avoid strong ebb tides, especially when diving from the rocks. Fly a dive flag from the docks and please inform the station-keeper, but remember that he is not responsible for your safety while in the reserve. Divers especially should have adequate boat cover if they are diving on the reserve, as strong currents can easily make it impossible to return to shore (BC Parks).

International collision regulations require that vessels engaged in diving fly a recognised dive flag (Figure 5) when divers are present in the water (CCGOBS 1999). Other vessels are advised to move at slow speeds and to remain “well clear” (CCGOBS 1999, p. 66) of these vessels. Furthermore, there is no national regulatory body for recreational scuba diving or the commercial operators that provide it.

Figure 6: One of two internationally recognised dive flags (international Code Flag “A” is on the right) must be flown from vessels engaged in diving.

Recreational diver training in Canada is relatively standardised throughout a number of private certification agencies. Divers are taught proper buoyancy skills to avoid injuring aquatic life and are generally encouraged by agencies and operators not to harass nor take organisms while underwater. The Race Rocks ER brochure makes further recommendations to divers in the reserve to minimise impacts to the environment:

Underwater divers should take care to weight themselves properly and maintain proper trim in the water so that their fins are not always kicking the organisms they are passing over. It is also important to refrain from grabbing at kelp in order to control themselves in current, as masses of life can be torn away from the bottom (BC Parks, no date).

Individuals diving with commercial operators are generally given briefings in which appropriate behaviour is encouraged and monitored (Bradley 1999, pers. comm.). However, for other individuals, compliance is purely voluntary.

3.3.3 Recreational Fishing

Sport fishing is a very popular activity throughout the province with revenues estimated at over $7 billion for 1999 (Price Waterhouse and The ARA Consulting Group Inc. 1996). The Victoria Visitor Report to the British Columbia Visitor Study reports that 6% of non-resident visitors to Victoria engaged in salt water fishing (Tourism British Columbia). In a 1995 national sport fishery survey, approximately 200 000 angler days per year were recorded for the Victoria area, generating between $30 and $50 million dollars in associated expenditures (Gjernes 1999, pers. comm.).

Race Rocks has been characterised as an extremely popular fishing ground for local residents due both to its accessibility from Victoria and local marinas, and the natural features which make it conducive to catching fish (Gjernes 1999, pers. comm.; Kukat 1999, pers. comm.). Sport fishers take an active role in the conservation and allocation of resources, consulting on a regular basis with government through local branches of the province-wide Sport Fishing Advisory Board (SFAB). While recreational fishing of salmon and halibut remains open at Race Rocks, there are concerns over the issue of accidental, or by-catch, of other species within the reserve, particularly of rockfish which are the target of federal conservation efforts in the region. Anchoring by fishing boats is also a concern (Hawkes 1994; Slater 1999, pers. comm.).

The closest marina to Race Rocks, located at Pedder Bay, rents small charter boats which are mainly used for recreational fishing, and sells sport fishing licenses on site. Renters are given charts with the Race Rocks ecological reserve clearly outlined by a bold red line and are instructed to remain out of the reserve altogether. This is in order to avoid damage to boats from tides and currents around the rocks (Dickinson 1999, pers.comm.). Nonetheless these vessels are often observed in the reserve (Slater 1999).

3.3.4 Kayaking/Boating

Sea kayaking is becoming a popular activity in British Columbia and there are several outfitters in Victoria and southern Vancouver Island. Kayakers do make use of Race Rocks though the strong currents make it a site for experienced paddlers. One local kayaking tour operator describes kayak use in the area as minimal (Party 1999). A 1996 consultant’s report on alternative uses of automated lightstations identified Race Rocks as being particularly accessible and having good potential for sea kayaking tours and suggested that the facilities had potential for use as a bed and breakfast (Cornerstone Planning Group 1996).

Determining use levels by private boaters in MPAs is a particularly difficult, as has been found in other MPAs around the world (see Valentine et al. 1997). The lightkeepers have been recording observations of boats within the reserve since 1997 (see Appendix II) and these logs may begin to provide an indication of the level of use by this group.

3.3.5 Research and Education

Research and education are a primary objective for the establishment of ERs under the Ecological Reserve Act and were a key factor in the designation of Race Rocks. With its high concentration and diversity of wildlife and easy access, Race Rocks has been the subject of extensive research on hydroids, transient whales, abalone and nesting sea birds, in addition to a host of projects by students at Pearson College including tidepool monitoring and the installation of permanent transect pegs (Fletcher 1999). Much of this information is presented and updated on the Race Rocks website which is maintained by Pearson College.

As already mentioned, Pearson College students make use of the site extensively for field research in the Biology and Environmental Systems courses offered at the college. However, Pearson also runs a public outreach program aimed at local schoolchildren who are given a tour of the facilities at the site and an introduction to its intertidal and subtidal marine life (Fletcher 1999). Two salt water tanks are maintained on Great Race Rock containing a sampling of underwater life to be found in the reserve.

In 1992, a series of interactive educational television programs called the “Canadian Underwater Safari” was broadcast live via satellite from Race Rocks. During the programs, students from around the world were able to communicate with divers while watching live underwater video of the reserve. The College hopes to make further use of internet technology in the creation of a virtual education centre by setting up permanent cameras, both above and below water, which would offer live video feeds of Race Rocks. Partnerships are being developed with BC Tel and the BC Museum in addition to industries wishing to showcase environmentally-friendly technology such as alternative energy production by wind (Fletcher 1999, pers. comm.).

3.4 Impacts from Recreational Activities

3.4.1 Threats to Ecosystem and Wildlife

The location of Race Rocks makes it susceptible to a number of potentially harmful impacts including the danger of oil spills from high volumes of international shipping traffic in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and disturbances from explosives testing at the nearby DND facility. Visitor numbers are high for such a small area and with the wide range and increase in activity of tourism and recreational activities concerns are mounting over the impact of these activities on the wildlife. With respect to whale watching, there is a considerable body of literature on the impact of this activity on whales and research in the Pacific and elsewhere is on-going. In a study presented to the whale watching workshop at the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park (SSLMP) in May of 1998, it was shown that

whales exposed to boats changed their behaviour during deep dives, described as feeding dives. This change in the diving behaviour of the fin whales could reduce the time spent capturing their prey. This study clearly indicates the necessity to reduce and control the number of vessels present at a given time on the observation sites (Gilbert 1998, p. 14).

However, while whales are indeed sited at Race Rocks, the primary activity of commercial whale-watching vessels in the ecological reserve is the viewing of wildlife and it is the impact of this activity that will be examined here.

Discussions with the former lighthouse keepers Mike and Carol Slater indicate that a decrease in whale sightings and changes in the behaviour of other marine mammals within the reserve has occurred in the area over the past ten years. While, the couple attribute these changes largely to the increased presence of commercial vessels in the reserve, this is an area of some debate among other users. The couple have observed numerous occasions where both commercial and recreational boaters have accidentally and intentionally harassed wildlife having, upon occasion, forced seals and sea lions to “stampede” from the rocks (Slater 1999, pers. comm.).

Managing the behaviour of recreational boaters is also an issue as highlighted by a recent article describing a whale watching encounter aboard a commercial vessel. The whale watching operators present were

conspicuously abiding by the commercial whale-watchers’ guidelines, idling along 100 metres to the seaward side of the whales. If any orcas surface next to a boat, that’s good luck, but no professional operator is likely to chase these animals.?Two private speedboats, however, are recklessly zigzagging in the orcas’ path, rushing over them as they come up to breathe.

(Obee 1998, p. 8)

The education of recreational boaters presents a particular challenge in the management of the reserve as there is no centralised means of providing appropriate information to these users. The presence and activities of the lightkeepers, who disseminate ER brochures and provide information to these boaters remains the most effective means of informing this group.

Sea kayaks, while generally considered to be benign due to the absence of loud engines, may also disturb wildlife. Kayakers may approach wildlife more closely than motorised vessels and their movements may be mistaken for those of predators (Obee 1998). At certain times of the year the rocks provide important breeding and nesting sites which adds a seasonal element to the susceptibility of wildlife to human activities. For instance, young seal pups are not accustomed to the presence of boats which can result in injury. Vessels have been observed to pass through the ER at high speeds and Pearson college reported the deaths of three baby seals during the summer of 1998 which were attributed to collisions with vessel propellers (Pearson College 1999).

The destruction of coral reefs from tourism and other activities has received considerable attention around the world. For instance, anchor use by dive boats provides the greatest source of damage to coral reefs associated with scuba diving (Harriott et al. 1997; and see van Breda and Gjerde 1992). Damage is caused by dragging anchors and the scraping of heavy anchor chains along the bottom as boats swing back and forth. In temperate waters however, awareness of the marine life that may be compromised is not as prevalent. At Race Rocks, anchor use also poses a threat to the “lush variety of invertebrate life including plumose anemones, starfish, nudibranchs, bryozoans, and sponges, for which the waters of British Columbia are known” and thus anchoring is prohibited in the reserve (Battley 1998).

3.4.2 Conflicts

With increasing levels of visitation to Race Rocks there exists greater potential for conflict between users of the site. In the past two years, two incidents have occurred involving scuba divers and whale watching operators. In each case, scuba divers were unable to surface due to the presence of whale watching vessels. The most recent incident sparked a legal case which is presently before the provincial courts (Bradley 1999, pers. comm.). If divers are prevented from surfacing, serious injury may result from running out of air or being run over by a boat’s propeller. And while dive vessels are required to fly a special dive flag the adequacy of the size of such flags to warn off approaching boats from a sufficient distance may also be an issue.

In the absence of a national body to regulate either of these industries, both rely heavily on the safe practice and awareness of operators, and on good communication. This is an area requiring significant attention as the safety of individuals visiting a federally protected area must be of paramount importance. Furthermore, while operators of vessels in these industries are generally prepared for the presence of each other, the question remains as to the level of awareness of the private boater or renter who may not be familiar with other users of the area.

At present, recreational boaters are not required to meet competency standards for the operation of their vessels. New standards are currently being implemented by the Canadian Coast Guard which require mandatory certification of private vessel operators through an accredited boating safety course, and that proof of such competency be carried on board. However, the completion of all phases of implementation will not occur until 2009 (CCCOBS 1999).

3.5 Current Management Regime

3.5.1 BC Parks and Pearson College

As an ER, the management responsibility for Race Rocks lies with the province and is administered through a program of voluntary wardens. Since the establishment of Race Rocks, this role has been performed by the staff and students of Pearson College. Commercial activities are subject to permits administered by Pearson College on behalf of BC Parks. Permit applications are available on the Pearson College website and are issued for research and filming activities (Pearson 1999b). Commercial tourism activities have thus far not been subject to the permitting process. Therefore these activities are almost purely self-regulated within the reserve.

Despite its designation in 1980, the management plan for the reserve has not been forthcoming. In 1998, a draft management plan was produced by Pearson College and BC Parks, and forms the basis for the management plan for the pilot MPA project currently under review. While tourism and recreation are not actively promoted in ERs, it is obvious that changing use patterns since the designation of the ER must be reflected in the management of the pilot MPA, such that protective measures are aimed against the impacts of such uses (Willison 1999, pers. comm.).

3.5.2 The Light-keepers

Poetry cunningly gildsThe life of the Light-keeper,Held on high in the blacknessIn the burning kernel of night:The seaman sees and blesses him;The Poet, deep in a sonnet,Numbers his inky fingersFitly to praise him;Only we behold him,Sitting, patient and stolid,Martyr to a salary.

Robert Louis Stevenson, from The Light-Keeper

Since the automation of the Race Rocks light station in 1997, the lighthouse keepers Mike and Carol Slater, have been employed as custodians of Race Rocks by Pearson College. The couple serves an important role both in terms of observing and documenting reserve use, reporting infractions of reserve regulations, guarding against poachers of abalone and other benthic species, and educating visitors (Slater 1999, pers. comm.; Hewett 1996). In addition, the keepers provide weather reports to local marinas, take daily temperature and salinity measurements which have been collected since the early half of the century, and assist in local rescue operations (Hewett 1996; Slater 1999, pers. comm.). Whenever possible, the couple greets boaters who violate reserve regulations with the Race Rocks brochure and provide information about the reserve. Whether the Slaters will continue to serve this important function at Race Rocks remains uncertain as Pearson College relies on private fund-raising for their salaries.

3.6 Management Issues for Tourism and Recreation at Race Rocks

The primary issue for the management of tourism and recreation at Race Rocks is the lack of data on visitor use and its impacts on the ecosystem. With respect to use, information is unspecific and scattered throughout a variety of sources, consisting largely in the form of general trends for the larger Victoria area. The importance of such research needs has been well recognised in MPAs around the world for which such data is also lacking and is a growing area of research (see Valentine et al. 1997 and Crossland and Alock 1999). For Race Rocks, the situation presents a major research need for the future of the MPA to ensure informed decision-making with respect to management and planning and this has been recognised in the draft management plan. Furthermore, consideration will need to be given to determining possible use thresholds or carrying capacity (see Dixon et al 1993).

While the gaps in research are substantial, the precautionary principle currently being applied to much of ocean resource management dictates that decisions must be made based on the best available data. Its absence should not be used as rationale to delay decision-making or the implementation of precautionary measures. This principle further places the onus on the resource user to provide sufficient proof that a particular activity will have a minimal impact on the environment.

A second crucial issue for consideration at Race Rocks is that of partnerships and stakeholder participation. Federal and provincial co-operation are a significant element of the pilot project and as tourism and recreation interests play such a major role in the use of the reserve, the participation and support of these groups will be essential to controlling activities and minimising impacts, in addition to ensuring that other objectives for the site, i.e. conservation and education, are upheld. While it is unrealistic to think that all stakeholders will be completely satisfied if an MPA and its associated regulations are implemented at Race Rocks, their meaningful input into the management and planning stages will be important in securing a viable management regime for Race Rocks. Furthermore, as a pilot project, the success of partnerships displayed here will provide valuable lessons for future MPA establishment.

A third important issue for tourism at Race Rocks is ensuring that education and interpretation programs are effective and are reaching their intended audience. As stated earlier, private recreational boaters are the most challenging targets and those most in need of information. Commercial activities at Race must continue to promote environmental education first and foremost as part of the services they provide and should include information specific to the Race Rocks ecosystem and its status as an Ecological Reserve and potential MPA. Additional issues for consideration are contained in the draft management plan, stating the overarching objective with respect to visitor use and potential actions to be taken to achieve it. These are presented in Figure 4.

Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Draft Management Plan– June 1998Management Objectives and Actions: Visitor Use

Ecological reserves are established to support research and educational activities. Visitation to the waters surrounding Race Rocks Ecological Reserve has been increasing, particularly those engaged in wild life viewing and diving. Uncontrolled, uninformed and excessive use could result in: behavioral changes or injury to marine mammals and seabirds; poaching of sealife; or physical injury or mortality from handling or improper dive techniques. Given the proximity of the ecological reserve to Victoria and the interest in these types of activities, commercial and recreation use will continue to grow.

Given the role of ecological reserves, uses that occur at Race Rocks should contribute to education or research objectives without negatively impacting the natural values. This may include commercial tours.

Objective:

To permit educational opportunities that have minimal impact to the ecological reserve and increase public awareness, understanding and appreciation for Race Rocks Ecological Reserve and its values.

Actions:

Subject to an impact assessment, only issue permits for commercial activities that are educational or research oriented
Work with the volunteer warden, Lester B. Pearson College, to provide annual orientation session for commercial operators and tour guides.
Continue to provide public information to increase awareness of the ecological reserve, the potential of ecological impact of various activities, and the need for caution in the ecological reserve. This would include: brochure; accurate information in BC Sports Fishing Regulations; information at points of entry; mapping on marine charts and navigational guides; internet/web site.
Work with commercial operators and researchers to develop a code of conduct within the ecological reserve to ensure protection of the natural values and to maintain a high quality educational experience. Develop a monitoring system with Lester B. Pearson College, site guardian, researchers and commercial tour operators to ensure appropriate behavior of diving and wild life viewing companies and other visitors.
Develop an outreach program and stewards program to assist with the management, and to develop respect for the ecological reserve and its values.
Discourage anchoring in the ecological reserve.
As per the Ecological Reserve Regulations ensure that commercial operators in the ecological reserve have permits for their activities.

Figure 4: Management objectives and actions with respect to visitor use in the current draft management plan for the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve.

4. Selected Examples of Current MPA Management Practice for Tourism and Recreation

The following section provides a brief description of various MPA management plans and regimes which may offer some guidance for the pilot MPA at Race Rocks.

4.1 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

As one of the earliest, and indeed the largest MPAs in the world, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) provides useful insight all aspects of MPA management, particularly with respect to multiple use, and is frequently described in MPA literature. The growth of tourism provided much of the impetus for the creation of the MPA and tourism remains the main commercial use of the park (Kenchington 1991; Alcock and Crossland 1999; GBRMPA). The GBRMP is managed by a distinct legal entity, the GBRMP Authority (GBRMPA), in addition to the Queensland Department of Environment. The primary objective of the GBRMPA is “to provide for the protection, wise use, understanding and enjoyment of the Great Barrier Reef in perpetuity through the care and development of Great Barrier Reef Marine Park” (GBRMPA 1999a). Zoning in the park affords various levels of protection from ‘general use’, in which all reasonable activities consistent with conservation are permitted, to ‘strict preservation’ in which areas are left in their natural state and free from human activity (Kenchington 1991).

Environmental issues are the key consideration for tourism development and a permit system allows new proposals to be reviewed on an individual basis, the imposition of

conditions of practice and environmental monitoring, and the collection of data on commercial tourism use (Kenchington 1991; Craik 1994; Valentine et al. 1997).

This information is compiled into a central database which includes the following fields: company name, location of activity, nature and frequency of activity, maximum number of people, permit type, type of transport, vessel name, passenger capacity, size and registration (Valentine et al. 1997).

In 1993, the GBRMPA implemented an environmental management charge (EMC) to offset rising costs of park management and reef research. Originallly set at $1 per person participating in tourism activities in the park, the EMC has been raised to $4 and is applied to commercial operators only. 25% of the revenue contributes to management activities and the remaining 75% funds research through the CRC Reef Research Centre (Alcock and Crossland 1999). The centre is a joint venture between the tourism industry and the relevant management and research agencies and conducts research on all aspects of the Great Barrier Reef, including tourism (Alcock and Crossland 1999).

Management approaches to tourism include strategic policy and planning, direct management, industry self-regulation, active partnerships and adaptive management (GBRMPA; Alcock and Crossland 1999). As Alcock and Crossland (1999) write,

[e]nhanced public awareness over the last two decades of the unique and special qualities of the Great Barrier Reef is apparent in the wider community and in the boardrooms and actions of the Reef industry users. “Education not regulation” has been a deliberate approach by GBRMPA and other day-to-day management agencies. Putting aside this awareness and any sense of altruism, it makes sound commercial sense for the tourism (and other) industry, with investments of millions of dollars in expenditure, to ensure the sustainable nature of the Great Barrier Reef environment on which each enterprise depends (p. 7).

Formal consultation with the industry is effected through the Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators. The GBRMPA and the marine tourism industry have developed the Great Barrier Reef Staff Certificate course to train industry staff members in reef interpretation, in addition to an “Eye on the Reef” program in which tour operators assist in ecological monitoring by recording marine life observations at the sites they frequent (Aiello 1998; GBRMPA 1999b).

4.2 The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park

Established in 1997, the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park (SSLMP) encompasses estuarine ecosystems of the Saguenay and St. Lawrence Rivers and is the result of a joint federal-provincial partnership in the establishment of an MPA. The park experiences a variety of extractive and non-extractive uses and receives large numbers of visitors. Second only to conservation, the main objective of the park is, “[i]n co-operation with community partners, [to] teach visitors to recognize, understand and appreciate the many aspects of the Marine Park, so that they can comprehend the reason for the park, the intrinsic value of its components and the need for conserving them” (Parks Canada and MEF 1995, p. 28).

The management plan for the park identifies activities that it does not consider to involve resource harvesting including boat excursions to observe marine mammals, pleasure boating and scuba diving. The plan recognises that

[t]hese recreational activities have various kinds of impacts on ecosystems and resources. The reputation of these regions as tourist destinations, as well as the announcement of the new Marine Park, have stimulated development of many of these activities; some have become highly significant to local economies.

(Parks Canada and MEF 1995, p. 35)

Priority actions for the park include developing appropriate management procedures and a regulatory framework for these activities, particularly for boat tours and scuba diving, in addition to further study of the impacts of recreational activities on the marine environment (Parks Canada and MEF 1995).

As at Race Rocks, whale watching and wildlife viewing are significant activities within the park. At a regional workshop on whale watching held in 1998, the issue of permits for whale watching operators was examined in light of the desire from the Marine park to develop a policy of mandatory permits for commercial tours. The policy would seek to implement a moratorium on the number of authorised wildlife-viewing vessels, ensure resource protection and passenger safety, and apply violator sanctions (Gilbert and SSLMP 1998). Proposed conditions for permits include limiting the number of vessels authorised for individual companies, the requirement of additional navigation equipment to that already required by Transport Canada, and the zoning of whale watching activities (Gilbert and SSLMP 1998). Additional conditions could include the meeting of competency standards for boat captains including certifications in Transport Canada accredited navigation, marine emergencies, use of navigation equipment, first aid and training in industry codes of conduct (Gilbert and SSLMP 1998).

4.3 The Fathom Five Marine Park

While the Fathom Five National Marine Park (FFNMP) exists in the freshwater environment of Ontario’s Georgian Bay, its management plan focuses largely on the tourism and recreation activities which comprise the major use of the park. These include scuba diving, cruising, sailing, wreck touring and recreational fishing (Parks Canada 1998). Parks Canada is the government agency charged with the management of Fathom Five. With extensive experience in the protection and conservation of biodiversity and the management of visitors in terrestrial areas, the agency is currently embarking on the establishment a system of National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs). This system would complement the national MPA strategy and associated legislation currently awaits parliamentary approval.

At FFNMP,

Parks Canada encourages public understanding, appreciation, and enjoyment of marine heritage through opportunities to experience Fathom Five National Marine Park in ways that are appropriate to its natural values. A satisfying, high quality experience is not the ultimate objective, however. Parks Canada recognizes that attitudes towards environmental issues range along a continuum from awareness, understanding, and valuing to taking action. By providing satisfying experiences of Fathom Five, Parks Canada hopes that visitors will come to understand and value their environment, and will be inspired to take action themselves for its protection.

(Parks Canada 1998, p. 29)

Interpretation and education are central to public appreciation at the park and information is presented in the format of relevant themes which encompass the ecosystem, history and culture, environmental awareness and departmental messages (Parks Canada 1998). Appropriate and inappropriate activities for the park have been identified with the latter being prohibited within its boundaries.

To take the example of management strategies for one activity, scuba diving, a mandatory diver registration program has been established with the assistance of the Ontario Underwater Council (OUC) and is carried out by OUC volunteers. The program, geared towards ensuring the safety of divers at Fathom Five, highlights the importance of co-operation and participation from stakeholder groups. Furthermore, policies have been implemented to address conflicts between divers and other user groups (Parks Canada 1998). The 1998 management plan provides guidelines for the implementation of user fees to be collected in exchange for certain Park services that are in the private rather than the public interest, for example the use of campsites versus resource protection; the consideration of capacity for key visitor sites; and the use of business licenses to manage commercial operations (Parks Canada 1998).

4.4 The Bonaire Marine Park

The island of Bonaire forms part of the Dutch Caribbean in the lesser Antilles. The island’s waters, extending to the 60 metre depth contour, have been legally protected as a Marine Park since 1979. Divers provide the majority of visitation to the island (Dixon et al. 1993; De Meyer 1997). The management of the MPA clearly demonstrates the potential for the successful employment of a number of management tools and it is one of the first MPAs in the world to become entirely self-financing (De Meyer 1997). Procedures are relatively simple, but effective:

Divers pay [an] admission fee as part of their standard check-in procedure. Fees are collected and passed on to the Marine Park in their entirety, with no hidden overhead or administrative costs. Having paid their admission fees, divers are keen to receive information on the marine Park, including its rules and regulations and activities. They are given interpretive information and are required to attend a verbal orientation. Finally, they are obliged to carry out an orientation dive in front of the resort before they are allowed to dive elsewhere in the Marine Park. Research has shown that efforts to educate divers and thereby minimize their impact on the reefs have been very successful. Furthermore, the divers are quick to report any infringements of park regulations (1997).

The user fees contribute further to the maintenance of the park’s mooring system, the provision of shore markers, and the maintenance of park facilities and equipment, in addition to funding a children’s outreach program, law enforcement activities and several research and monitoring projects (De Meyer 1997). While scuba diving is the main form of tourism, the strategies used to manage it should be considered for other marine activities.

5. Managing Tourism and Recreation: Recommendations for Race RocksThe following section provides a discussion of some of the tools and strategies which should be considered in the management of an MPA at Race Rocks.

5.1 Zoning

Zoning is a popular tool in protected area management and is particularly effective in large areas such as the GBRMP in which multiple-uses are. In view of the small size of the area proposed for MPA designation at Race Rocks, and the similarity between the nature of activities engaged in by its users, zoning to separate activities for the area may not be practical or necessary. While some potential for conflict between tour operators has been demonstrated, the activities at Race Rocks generally require similar management approaches which would be more easily administered within a single zone.

The potential for conflict does exist between tourism and recreation and the research and educational uses of the site. Furthermore, there is considerable support for the establishment of ‘no-take’ zone in which all harvesting would be prohibited. This would be particularly appropriate in light of suggestions to expand the current boundary of the reserve to form the MPA. In this way, an outer or buffer zone could be created in which multiple-uses could take place, including current sport fishing activities (Kukat 1999, pers.comm; Fletcher 1999). Furthermore, Great Race Rock could be zoned to permit landing only at certain times of the year, to ensure maximum protection during critical seabird nesting times.

Currently, a feasibility study is underway by Parks Canada for the establishment of a much larger NMCA in the Georgia Basin region. An MPA of such size would be more on a par with the GBRMP in which zoning would be necessary for various uses, and it is thus conceivable that Race Rocks might then become a zone of higher protection within this larger area.

5.2 Mooring Buoys

The installation of mooring buoys has had considerable success in tropical reef environments where damage from anchoring is widespread. In British Columbia’s coastal waters, the Underwater Council of British Columbia has established a program of mooring ball installation to mitigate similar impacts (Battley 1998). The majority of diving at Race Rocks however is drift diving which, as mentioned previously, requires mobile surface support from vessels. Furthermore, the dock at Great Race offers limited moorage. Boats anchoring in the reserve appear to be private recreational vessels whose operators are either unaware of, or deliberately contravene, no-anchoring regulations. This group should be targeted for further efforts at education and awareness-raising.

5.3 User Fees

Craik (1994) writes that user pays policies are “based on the philosophy that people who benefit from the use of a public good or property, especially for commercial purposes, should contribute to the cost of managing or protecting that property” (p. 344). The implementation of a user fee at Race Rocks has been suggested for commercial operations at Race Rocks:

it is the responsibility of [DFO] to implement a way to have commercial users of the resource contribute to it’s [sic] upkeep. In particular, an immediate plan to implement a nominal user fee for commercial operations involving marine mammal watching. The funds from commercial operations involving marine mammal watching. The funds from this revenue could help to offset the cost of keeping people employed to be manager-guardians of the island. The example of one dollar per seat charge at Tofino was given. Money collected by the charter boats helps in the ongoing research in the area.

(Fletcher 1999)

The EMC discussed in the section on Australia’s GBRMP is indicative of how this fee can be utilised further to assist in the collection of important data on visitor use and commercial activities. As in the Australian example, the problem remains as to how to implement such a fee for private recreational users. While interviews with tour operators indicated support for nominal fees, concerns were raised regarding the dedication of funds for use at Race Rocks and not ‘general revenue.’ Guarantees would have to be put in place and the use of a non-government entity such as Pearson College, to administer the funds, should be considered.

5.4 Codes of Conduct/Wildlife Viewing Guidelines

General guidelines for the conduct of all commercial tourism activities will need to be incorporated into the management of the pilot MPA. This should include wildlife interaction protocols, in addition to interactions between operators from different sectors, e.g. whale watchers and divers, in order to avoid potential conflict. As previously indicated, the WWOANW has developed a comprehensive set of guidelines for its members. The guidelines cover behaviour around whales, pinnipeds, birds, porpoises and other whale watching vessels. Of further significance is the final section of the guidelines which deals with research and education. Members are advised to “support local whale research by providing written records of sighting information to bona fide research groups and through association approved financial support of selected research activity” (WWOANW 1999).

These guidelines have not been widely available until recently and are now available on the internet. Industry adherence to the guidelines should be better promoted by individual operators and a modified version created for distribution to clientele considered. Furthermore, companies should promote their participation in local research and conservation efforts. Increasing awareness of these activities will promote further support for research and conservation and will allow for more informed decision-making on the part of the public in the selection of responsible tour operators.

Concomitant with industry guidelines should be the development of government guidelines, particularly for dissemination to the recreational boating public. In its Laurentian region, the DFO has already published such information in its leaflet, There are limits TO OBSERVE! The leaflet contains information on federal marine mammal regulations, a code of ethics, rules of conduct, information on how to approach whales and how to report disturbance incidents in the region (DFOb). This type of information would be highly appropriate and useful for recreational boaters in the Pacific region.

While individual dive and kayak operators generally brief clients on ecological considerations in their respective activities, codes of conduct could also be developed for these users to ensure proper standards for behaviour. For instance, Victoria kayak operator Ocean River Sports provides training in conservation ethics for its staff and promotes environmentally-friendly practices among its clientele (Party 1999, pers. comm.). Dive operators provide briefings on appropriate behaviour but again this could be standardised for the industry through more formal codes of conduct for behaviour within an MPA.

5.5 Education and Interpretation

The provision of opportunities for education is a central function of MPAs and is a desirable and highly effective strategy against negative impacts from tourism. Education programs also reduce the need for, and cost of, formal means of enforcement (Causey 1995). Commercial tourism activities at Race Rocks are, on the whole, oriented at providing an educational experience and this must remain their primary objective. Tour operators must be encouraged to include information specific to the natural history of Race Rocks and its ecosystem when taking clients there (Willison 1999, pers. comm.). Furthermore, information regarding its protected status as an ecological reserve and pilot MPA should be provided to generate recognition and support for such initiatives. There is a need for consistency in this respect and it would be appropriate for industry, in partnership with other agencies such as local universities and museums, to develop a minimum standard of information to be included in interpretation, to ensure that correct and relevant information is being provided.

Education and interpretation are particularly important for private recreational users who are considerably more difficult to target. Broader efforts aimed at educating the recreational boating public on general conduct and appropriate behaviour in coastal waters, including ERs and MPAs would seem to be a realistic approach. To this end, the distribution of the booklet Protecting BC’s Aquatic Environment: A Boater’s Guide, a joint publication by DFO, Environment Canada and BC’s Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks should continue. The booklet covers a number of aspects of environmentally responsible boating, including respect for marine wildlife. The British Columbia Tidal Waters Sport Fishing Guide contains information on the location and regulations of MPAs, species conservation efforts and whale watching guidelines and is also an important contribution to awareness-raising.

Despite new Coast Guard regulations requiring private boaters to enrol in an accredited operator proficiency course, the curriculum for this course contains no elements of marine environmental education or respect for wildlife (Hadlley 1999, pers. comm.). However, individual institutions offering this course are free to provide additional material and opportunities for this could be explored for local course providers. Excluding the lightkeepers, there is little at Race Rocks to indicate its status as a protected area, other than a sign at the dock on Great Race Rock, nor the type of behaviour that should be observed while there. The posting of more signs should be considered in addition to the continued distribution of information pamphlets at nearby marinas and access points.

Considerable infrastructure for public information and outreach already exists for Race Rocks. Pearson College maintains a comprehensive website and hosts a number of local school children at Race Rocks for education programs each year. Opportunities for expanding this program should be considered to include a wider range of students and other community groups with additional support from DFO and BC Parks. As mentioned previously, Pearson College is also seeking partnerships for the creation of a virtual Race Rocks education centre using internet and satellite technologies. While this initiative has considerable educational potential, it may also serve to heighten interest for visitation to the site, thus increasing the need for the firm establishment of measures to control such visitation.

5.6 Tour Operator and Staff Training

Aiello (1998) writes that “[w]ell informed staff with good communication skills are an essential component of successful tour operations in any setting” (p. 60). Furthermore, quality interpretation provides a competitive advantage and therefore economic incentive to operators in a high volume market such as the one at Victoria (Aiello 1998). In a study of an Australian reef tour company conducted by Aiello, customer feedback with respect to staff interpretation found that clients “enjoyed being able to ask any staff member questions about the environment, not just the few designated Naturalists” and that this indicated a “high level of professionalism” (Aiello 1998, p. 58). Furthermore, the study found that the teaching of interpretation skills was equally as important as biological and ecological content (Aiello 1998). Aiello concluded that while not all tour operator staff need to be experts in marine biology, highly professional marine tourist operations are maintained through all boat staff receiving “enough biological and interpretive training to be confident in sharing a sense of wonder, beauty and knowledge of the GBR with all customers, giving them a memorable ‘take home message’ (Aiello 1998, p. 60).

The present author had occasion to provide impromptu interpretation at Race Rocks aboard a whale watching vessel on a private charter (i.e. the vessel was not actively engaged in a commercial whale watching/wildlife viewing tour at the time). I was asked to provide information about the site as the naturalist present was new and unfamiliar with the area. Unfortunately, as I have no training in natural history, I was only able to impart details concerning the protected status of the ecological reserve and the pilot project. However, it was encouraging to find that passengers were extremely curious and enthusiastic for information regarding the local wildlife, particularly when they believed there to be someone present in possession of such knowledge. The experience reinforced the demand for, and importance of, the provision of quality interpretation, in addition to the need for naturalist training in local ecology and wildlife.

Currently there is one course available to tour operation staff in the whale watching industry in Victoria. This is run by the Marine Mammal Research Group (MMRG) in Victoria and consists of an eight week basic naturalist course supplemented by a lecture series which is updated every year. The course is run each spring and the material focuses on whales but also includes local ecology and conservation of marine species, in addition to techniques for interpretation and the fostering of a stewardship ethic among public audiences (Bates 1999, pers. comm.; The Whale Museum 1999). Topics in the lecture series change each year and present up-to-date information and research on various species. These are often attended by naturalists who have already taken the basic course.

The course is virtually mandatory among whale watching staff and companies will often pay for the training for new employees. Similarly, those with the training are more likely to find employment in the industry (Bates 1999, pers. comm.). The MMRG receives some funding from the WWOANW but relies entirely on the dedication and continued interest of the MMRG’s sole co-ordinator, Ron Bates. Means should be explored to secure the future availability of the program in addition to the possibility of licensing of the course to other groups, such as the WWOANW, in partnership with government and other relevant agencies. Staff from other tourist operations could also be encouraged to take the course.

5.7 Permits

While the requirement for permits for commercial activities in ecological reserves is already legislated in the BC Parks Act, its administration is all but non-existent for the commercial tourism industry. The rigorous application of a permit system could serve a number of important functions including the control of entry into an already highly competitive tourism market, the collection of data on visitor use, the collection of a nominal fee to assist in its administration, the assurance of industry-wide acknowledgement of regulations, and the application of requirements for minimum standards of operation in terms of behaviour and educational content. Such a system could also require environmental impact assessments for new activities and allow new proposals to be considered on a case by case basis.

5.8 Partnerships for Stewardship/Stakeholder and Community Participation

Wells and White (1995) write that “[w]here people are dependent on their adjacent marine resources for their livelihoods, the establishment of an MPA is likely to have a significant impact on their lives and, inevitably, results in a reaction from the community. The challenge to managers of MPAs is to channel this response into support for the project” (p. 63). One of the most important features of the pilot MPA project at Race Rocks, and indeed of MPAs around the world, is the cultivation of partnerships and the provision of opportunities for stakeholder consultation and input, in order to achieve this support. Indeed, the success of the proposed MPA at Race Rocks will hinge upon how effectively partnerships are established and upon open channels of communication between management and stakeholders.

Partnerships and stakeholder input generate support for MPAs, opportunities for research and education and go a long way towards ensuring that mutually-agreed upon regulations will be adhered to. This reduces the need for formal enforcement which is a major issue for MPA management. Marion and Rogers (1994) write that managers

should enlist the support of tourism providers in cooperative efforts to identify and resolve the impacts resulting from visitor use. For tourism providers, time and money expended in such educational efforts can enhance customer satisfaction and may prevent restrictive regulations or limitations on access to park resources (p. 161).In British Columbia, tourism interests have been little represented in regional land-use planning (Williams et al. 1998). The importance of this growing sector of the BC economy dictates that its interests must be acknowledged in planning issues. This is not to say, however, that its growth need not be subject to strict controls, indeed it has been demonstrated that such controls are necessary. At Race Rocks, established and well-organised bodies such as the SFAB and the WWOANW facilitate the means of communication with user groups and their active participation will be essential to the MPA process and management.

During interviews conducted by the author with members of these organisations, a degree of uncertainty and unfamiliarity with the plans for the pilot project at Race Rocks was evident. Many individuals were not supportive of further government regulation. There was a perception that such regulation employed a ‘top-down’ approach, an approach frequently associated with MPA establishment. Furthermore, scepticism was expressed with respect to the effectiveness of the consultation process. These perceptions, in addition to the general lack of response that has greeted the Pacific MPA strategy discussion document discussed earlier, indicate that it might be advisable for the relevant government agencies to re-examine their means of obtaining stakeholder input. Furthermore, as the management plan for Race Rocks is subjected to the public consultative phases scheduled for the remainder of 1999, it will be very important that all parties are absolutely clear about the proposal at Race Rocks, and how they will be able to contribute to the process in a meaningful manner. This will help to shift perceptions of MPAs away from ‘top-down’ impositions and towards participatory measures.

With little experience in the management of the activities discussed in this paper, DFO will do well to solicit the assistance of its partners, such as BC Parks and tour operators, who possess considerably more experience in visitor management.

5.9 Custodians

Park rangers and wardens are desirable mechanisms for enforcement and education in any protected area however scarcity of resources is always an issue. Maintaining a permanent presence at Race Rocks has many advantages in terms of public education, ecosystem protection, especially during sensitive breeding times, and deterrence of illegal activities such as poaching. The Pacific lighthouse automation and destaffing has complicated the issue of maintaining the presence of custodians at Race Rocks. However, given that there are many unique features about the Race Rocks pilot area, including its relatively small area and high level of use, the continued employment of the lightkeepers is not only highly desirable, but may be an ecological necessity for maintaining the health of the area. Furthermore, the potential for assistance with research, particularly with respect to visitor use, provides a strong argument in support of the continued employment of the custodians.

5.10 Monitoring and Research

No MPA management plan is complete without monitoring and research objectives and provisions for their execution. With extensive monitoring and research projects, past and present, already undertaken by Pearson College and the custodians, there is further potential to involve marine tourism users of Race Rocks in ecological monitoring both above the water and below. Discussions with local dive operators suggest that there exists the potential to develop a volunteer diver constituency interested in carrying out research initiatives. For example, the US-based REEF program has designed surveys for the identification and inventory or fish species which can be carried out by volunteer divers all over the world, with minimal training. REEF Projects in BC’s waters have already begun (Haggarty 1999). Furthermore, the DFO has established the “Reefkeepers” program which currently monitors artificial reef balls in Sydney. This program could be adapted to monitor the rocky reefs at Race Rocks.

Since 1997, Mike and Carol Slater have been keeping log books to record various observations including significant wildlife activity and boating activity in the reserve and its effects on wildlife. A table compiling the data collected for 1997 is presented in Appendix II and gives a clearer indication of the types of activities which occur at the reserve. Furthermore, standardising the format for recording of observations would also be useful, particularly as the Slaters are often relieved by other individuals who should also be capable of recording such information. An example of a standard form which could be used to record boating activity, for instance, may be found in Appendix III.

Pearson College has conducted extensive research and monitoring at Race Rocks for the past 20 years. Recently, an ecological overview was completed by the College which resulted in a library of print and video materials, in addition to a comprehensive data base available on CD-Rom. However, studies are needed which look specifically at impacts from tourism and begin to examine critical thresholds or carrying capacities for use. Pearson maintains and regularly updates a comprehensive Race Rocks website. The college should remain the central location for the storage of data and, if feasible, include visitor use monitoring in its activities. While the college seeks funding from private sources, additional funding options should be sought from government and relevant agencies to support on-going research efforts.

6. Conclusion

Oceans and coastal areas are many things to many people. To commercial and artisanal fishermen and their customers they are a seemingly limitless breadbasket for the taking. For anglers, yachtsmen, surfers, swimmers, etc. they represent boundless opportunities for recreation. To energy and shipping technologies the seas represent an invaluable industrial resource. For some, the shoreline and oceans have some unquantifiable yet important spiritual value. Additionally, the oceans and coastal margins play a vital role in maintaining the biosphere itself. Thus, the value of the coastal zone is more than the sum of its calculable parts.

Agardy 1993, p. 221

While Agardy has published extensive academic works on marine conservation, I have used her words to introduce the conclusion of this paper because she has, like the poets included in this text, captured the multiplicity and complexity of humans’ relationship with the sea. For it is surely this which makes the management of our oceans such a daunting and multi-faceted challenge.

Determining how to control the way in which humans enjoy the marine environment is not an easy task. The are a number of compelling arguments vying to shape the behaviours by which all should abide, ranging from the preservation of species to the economics of human need. The oceans are teaching us that the way we use their resources must be viewed and controlled in a holistic, ecosystemic and integrated fashion, a lesson that has been slow in coming. Examples of these approaches from around the world show us that there is less to distinguish us from the natural environment than we, as a species, have come to believe. And despite the destructive

practices of our past and present, we are making progress.

Economics and development, so important to our self-determinism, need not exist at odds with the natural environment. The setting aside of ‘plots’ of marine environment for protection and the control of the human industry allowed therein are moving us in the direction of mutually beneficial arrangements. It must be recognised that ecosystems have intrinsic value by sole virtue of their existence, far above and beyond the economic value of exploitation for commercial gain, and must be preserved accordingly. Following this line of thinking, it stands to reason that natural areas should be put aside in which no humans are permitted; that parcels of land and sea must be set aside as safeguards for the future. Conversely, there is the economic reality that people need to make a living. Thus a balance must be achieved.

The relationship between tourism and MPAs may provide such a balance. Marine tourism has become a significant use of ocean and coastal space and resources and protected areas in these environments provide a strong attraction for visitors. Education must remain a central function of visitation and all interests relevant to the establishment and use of MPAs must be actively engaged in their management and operations. The advantages of these are many and include increased public awareness, greater opportunities for research, less need for enforcement and the establishment of open channels of communication so that individuals and groups do not become disenfranchised from the areas that are of importance to them. The author has attempted to provide details of the various issues of concern with respect to tourism and management at Race Rocks. With its high level of visitation and its pending status as part of the first wave of a uniquely Canadian system of MPAs, this pilot project has the potential to showcase the compatibility of tourism and recreation in sensitive marine environments.

To deprive people entirely of direct experiences with wildlife and the natural environment would be a tragic and extreme measure. Such experiences have the potential to educate the already global citizen in becoming the global environmental citizen. And while internet technologies bring a host of experiences from around the world onto the screens of household and classroom computers everywhere, they are simply no substitute for the real thing. After conducting internet research on Race Rocks from thousands of miles away on Canada’s east coast, the author, an avid scuba diver, was totally unprepared for the sense of awe and wonder experienced upon donning scuba gear and plunging into cold Pacific waters to drift along racing currents; upon being suddenly confronted by endless bursts of unanticipated colour and form, previously considered to reside exclusively in the domain of tropical reefs; at being approached underwater by a black, menacing shadow only to discover the curiosity of a sea lion who, unimpressed by what it saw, darted off just as quickly as it came; at seeing, hearing (and smelling!) such a creature and its comrades, sunning themselves noisily on the jagged surface of the rocks; and upon witnessing the sleek black dorsal fin of a transient orca piercing the ocean’s surface, just off the shore. Such experiences must be preserved, along with all this implies for conservation, education and management, for the future welfare of our seas, and of our selves.

7. Appendices7.1 Appendix I: Race Rocks Ecosystem

Natural features of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as described in the Background Document, Appendix 1 to the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Draft Management Plan, 1998.

Physical Features

The ecological reserve is almost entirely subtidal, but includes nine islets, comprising less than 1 ha in total. Intertidal and subtidal zones have substrates primarily of continuous rock and a rugged topography which includes cliffs, chasms, benches and surge channels. The location at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, plus the rugged shallow sea bottom, result in strong currents, eddies and turbulence.

Geology

The geology of Race Rocks is volcanic in origin, with the islets being offshore basalts. Granite and quartz intrusive, probably of the undeformed kind, are evident. Sediment basins can be found in subtidal areas.

Oceanography

The important oceanographic features which have a bearing on biodiversity are tides, currents, wave action, water temperature and turbidity.

Tidal currents are a major oceanographic feature of Juan de Fuca Strait. The ebb and flood tides and residual current have a major influence on the water structure. In addition, Race Rocks is a transition zone between the inner waters and the open ocean. For ebb tide that funnels water from the low-salinity, nutrient-rich waters of coastal rivers such as the Fraser and countless tidal marshes along the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound through the narrow part of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The flood tides, that bring in water from the nutrient-rich upwellings of the open Pacific Ocean. As tidal flow surges past the rugged topography of Race Rocks results in ‘racing’ current, eddies and turbulence. Currents flow with velocities of two to seven knots and change direction according to tide, wave and wind direction. The wave action is more pronounced at Race Rocks due to the exposure to the outer portion of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The variability in undersea topography results in waves being reflected, diffracted and refracted in irregular patterns, resulting eddies and complex tides.

The water temperature is generally greater than 7C with no distinct thermocline occurring. Mean surface temperatures are 7C to 8C in January, rising to 10C to 11C in August and September. In summer, the water is slightly cooler during flood than during

the ebb tidal phase. Tidal flushing and turbulent currents reduce vertical layering of water masses. Surface salinity values average 31/00 through the years and are characteristic of the waters in the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Water clarity is seasonally dependent, being largely determined by the phytoplankton content of the water. In the winter, low phytoplankton populations result in good underwater visibility (sometimes greater than 15 metres) except after storms. In the summer , underwater visibility lowers with increasing phytoplankton. There is no significant turbidity due to freshwater run off.

Race Rocks is subjected to strong wave action during southeasterly and southwesterly gales which are characteristic of fall and winter. A prolonged westerly storm may produce swells 3 to 4.6 m high with 1 to 3.24 m high wind waves superimposed. Southwesterly gales produce smaller swells (2.5 to 3.7 m high) because of the limited fetch available across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. During calm periods between gales and the summer, a surge is produced by the low westerly swells (1 – 1.2 m) that are present through most of the year.

Climate

Race Rocks is in the rainshadow of the Olympic Mountains and the end of the wind funnel of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Often, the ecological reserve experiences weather patterns quite different than southern Vancouver Island. It has an unusually high amount of sunshine the winter months, very seldom recording freezing temperatures. In summer, there is the occasional blanketing of fog.

The winds in Juan de Fuca Strait blow principally from the southeast and northwest. Outward blowing winds occur 50% of the time during the winter (October through March) while the inward blowing winds predominate during the summer (April through September).

Biotic Features

The rich variety and abundance of seashore life of the Pacific coast is due to the nutrient-rich waters, relatively uniform seasonal range of temperature and freedom from winter icing. Excellent light penetration results in the shallow clear waters teeming with plankton. Combined with the varied topography, the ecological reserve has exceptional variety and productivity of marine life and tremendous ecological diversity. Intertidal, shallow water, deep water and rocky substrate ecosystems support encrusting animals and plants capable of withstanding high velocity currents. In the lee of the island, quiet water flora and fauna are extremely abundant.

The marine communities here are unusually luxuriant and rich. The “coelenterate” fauna is perhaps the richest in the world and benthic fauna is abundant and diverse. Species such as Pink Coral, Gersemia rubiformis, and Basket Seastar, Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, that are usually found at much greater depths are found here at several metres. In addition, there is an unusual abundance of ubiquitous species such as Coralline Algae, Corallina sp., and Brooding Anemone, Epiactis prolifera.

Given the nutrients, some organisms grow to a large size. For example, Giant Barnacle, Balanus nubilus, reaches sizes in excess of four inches and the Thatched Barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus, achieves a prickly texture. The occurrence of disjunct echinoderm species such as the seastar Ceramaster articus, numerous specimens of the Cup Coral, Balanophyllia elegans, the Northern Abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana, and the Butterfly or Umbrella Crab, Cryptolithoides sp., contribute to the unusual character of the subtidal communities.

The ecological reserve contains an abundance of plumose and brooding anemones, Epiactis prolifera, and large numbers of sponges and ascidians. At least 65 species of hydroids, giant barnacles, a variety of colonial tunicates, three species of sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and basket stars adorn the underwater cliffs. Bright pink hydrocoral, soft pink coral, bryozoans and long-lived species of mussels are found here. Other molluscs

include chitons, limpets, snails, scallops, and pacific octopus. The rare spiral white snail, Opalia sp., occurs in one limited area. The ecological reserve protects thriving populations of intertidal species that have been severely impacted by sports and commercial harvesting elsewhere. These include three species of sea urchins, goose-neck barnacles and the mussel, Mytilus californianus.

Twenty-two species of algae have been recorded, including extensive stands of Bull Kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana,. In the intertidal zone, over 15 species of red, brown and green algae exhibit striking algal zonation patterns, distinctive to the Pacific coast. Several species of red algae, Halosaccion glandiforme, Endocladia muricata and Porphyra sp., occupy relatively high levels on the intertidal shoreline. Porphyra sp. are particularly abundant in the early spring at higher intertidal levels. Microscopic flagellated euglenoids, Pyramonas, live in the high rock pools, giving them a bright green color. The rock walls of tide pools and the shallow subtidal areas are encrusted with the Encrusting Pink Algae, Lithothamnion sp., and large populations of coralline algae. Dead Man’s Fingers, Codium fragile, rare to this area, is found in two small isolated areas of the intertidal zone on the main island. Over 20 species live subtidally and a dense canopy of bull kelp rings all the islands and extends underwater to 12 metres.

The Surfgrass, Phyllospadix scouleri, is abundant in a narrow band near zero tide level and in the deeper tidepools on the western side of the main island.

Marine Mammals

Over fifteen hundred California Sea Lions, Zalophus californianus, and Steller or Northern Sea Lion, Eumetopias jubatus, haul out on the islets south of Great Race Rocks between months of September and May. In the spring, they tend to move out the area and head north to breed on the Scott and Queen Charlotte Islands. In recent years, 35 to 70 Northern lions and up to 800 California sea lions have used Race Rocks as a winter haul-out.

Several hundred Harbour Seals, Phoca vitulian, inhabit Southwest and North Race Rocks year round, bearing their young in June. Six to eight Northern Elephant Seals, Mirouaga angustirostris, have started to frequent the reserve. Up to 60 transient and resident Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, frequent the waters foraging on the sea lions and seals. A family of River Otters, Lontra canadensis, has also been living in the ecological reserve. Other marine mammals that are occasionally observed in the waters of the ecological reserve are Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus, Dall’s Porpoises, Phocoenoides dalli, Gray Whales, Eschrichtius robustus, and False Killer Whales, Pseudorca crassidens.

Sea Birds

Race Rocks serves as a nesting colony and a migration resting area. Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus glaucescens, and Pelagic Cormorants, Phalacrocorax pelagicus, are the most abundant nesting birds in the summer months. Approximately 235 pairs of cormorants nest on the cliffs of Great Race Rock and on the southern outer island. One hundred and eighty pairs of gulls nest in the high spray zone around the perimeter of the main

island and on the small outer islands. Eighty pairs of Pigeon Guillemots, Cepphus columba, nest in rock crevasses on the central island and up to 10 pairs of Black Oyster Catchers, Haemotopus bachmani, nest on the islands. Bald Eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, frequent the area, with groups of 50 birds being sighted on the rocks in winter months. Harlequin Ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus, Surfbird, Aphriza virgata, Rock Sandpipers, Calidris ptilocnemis, and Black Turnstons, Arenaria melanocephala, can be observed occasionally, particularly in the winter. Brandt’s Cormorants, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, and Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus glaucescens, are the most abundant birds in the fall and winter. Common Murres, Uria aalge, Tufted Puffins, Fratercula cirrhata, Rhinoceros Auklets, Cerochinca monocerata, Ancient Murrelets, Synthliboramphus antiquus, and Marbled Murrelets, Brachyramphus marmoratus,are occasional visitors. Lester B. Pearson College staff reported counting thirteen brown pelicans also on Race Rocks.

The islets of Race Rocks function as suitable alternate habitat for various sea birds that have been forced out of other areas due to environmental disturbances. For example, in the fall of 1974, unusually severe weather conditions off the Queen Charlotte Islands forced the ancient murrelet to frequent Race Rocks.

Fish

Decorated Warbonnets, Chirolophis decoratus, Red Irish Lords, Hemilepidotus, sculpin, Kelp Greenling, Hexagrammos decagrammus, Ling Cod, Ophiodon elongatus, China Rockfish, Sebastes nebulosus, Tiger or Black Banded Rockfish, Sebastes nigrocinctus, and Copper Rockfish, Sebastes caurinus, swim in ecological reserve waters. Wolf Eels, (Anarhichthyes ocellatus, also inhabit the rock cervices. Salmon species pass through the area including: Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha; Chum Salmon, O. keta; Sockeye Salmon, O. nerka; Coho Salmon, O. Kisutch; Chinook Salmon, O. tshawytscha.

7.2 Appendix II: Boat Activity at Race Rocks in 1997

7.3 Appendix III: Example of Incident Report Form

Race Rocks Ecological Reserve – Marine Protected Area: Incident Report Form

Date: ??????Time:

Wind and water conditions:

Name of vessel(s): ????Registration of Vessel(s):

Other vessels present at time of incident:

General description of incident (e.g. fishing closed species, harassment of wildlife, feeding, approach too close, etc.):

Species affected by incident:

Behaviour observed:

Duration of incident:

Action taken (boat sent out, radio contact, relevant authority contacted):

Response (of vessel and/or relevant authority):

7.4 Appendix IV: Whale watching guidelines

Whale Watching Operators Association NW Guidelines
June, 1999Preamble

The whale watching and marine wildlife tour industry has recently experienced tremendous growth. A significant increase in the number of vessels engaged in wildlife viewing and the uninformed conduct of new operators have resulted in some negative press, negative public opinion and tensions between vessel operators on the water. The Whale Watching Operators Association NW has agreed upon the following guidelines for the conduct of commercial vessels around marine wildlife in order to safeguard the animals that we are out there to observe, ameliorate some of the difficulties associated with the industry’s growth and assure the public that we can act responsibly as an industry association to self-regulate. These guidelines should be reviewed by returning vessel operators and studied by operators new to the whale watching and wildlife viewing industry.

Operation of vessels around whales

Member companies shall ensure that their vessel operators are thoroughly familiar with the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Canadian Federal Fisheries Act. Member companies shall ensure that their vessel operators comply with the above legislation as well as the current WWOANW whale watching guidelines.
Member vessels shall approach an area of known whale activity with extreme care. Vessels should slow down and approach cautiously from at least _ mile from the whales (or from whale watching vessels if whales cannot be seen from a _ mile position). Vessel operators should take time to survey the layout of vessels and distribution of whales as they approach.

When approaching a whale or a group of whales:

a) From ahead: STOP and allow the whales to travel toward you b) From behind: Move to the outside of the nearest group of whales or boats and head in a direction parallel to the direction the whales are traveling. c) From the side: Slowly maneuver until heading in a direction parallel to the direction the whales are travelling.

Member vessels should endeavor to stay to the outside of the group of whales they are watching. At all times
Vessels should travel in a direction parallel to the direction the whales are travelling. · Vessels speed should be the same as the whale’s speed or slower.

Member vessels shall avoid:

Making high speed runs through the middle of a group of whales or boats. · Cutting across the direction of travel of the whales. · Taking a position between the whales and shore when the whales are within _ mile of shore. · Approaching whales that are obviously foraging. · Approaching resting whales closer than 100 yards/meters. When whales are resting, no vessel should approach from ahead and/or stop in front of the group. Member companies will ensure that their vessel operators can recognize resting behavior.
When leaving a group of whales, vessels should travel slowly until they are at least _ mile away from all whales and whale watching vessels.
It is not uncommon for a number of vessels to arrive in an area where there is whale activity simultaneously. Member companies shall work together to limit the number of vessels with the whales by watching them in rotation and positioning themselves accordingly.
Newly arrived vessels should wait on the outskirts and if possible, locate a group of whales that are not already with vessels. · Vessels in more favorable positions should limit their time in that position to 15 minutes. · When multiple vessels are watching a single group of whales, they should all be positioned on the same side of the whales, travelling in a line (bow-to-stern) or spread out behind the whales. There should not be a line of vessels on both sides of the whales. · Vessels should limit the amount of time spent with whales on days when there are a large number of vessels with the animals. On these occasions vessels should spend some of their whale watching trip observing other marine wildlife (birds, porpoises, seals, etc.) in other locations.
Member vessels shall respect the perspective of any shore-based whale watcher, especially those at Limekiln State Park and on the West Side of San Juan Island between Kellet Bluff and Eagle Point. This should be done by maintaining a position seaward of the whales and not venturing close to shore. The area within a _ mile of the shore between Kellet Bluff and Eagle Point and the area within a _ mile radius from the Limekiln light shall be a boat-free zone.
Member vessels shall not reposition themselves using the leapfrog method.

Operation of vessels around Pinnipeds

1. When approaching pinniped haul-outs, vessels should slow down from at least 100 yards/meters away and approach slowly. At the first sign of disturbance (sea lions sitting up and shifting position or harbor seals bouncing on their bellies) vessels should slowly back away. The vessel and its passengers should refrain from making loud noises or sudden rapid movements. Particular caution should be exercised during pupping season (July/August).

Operation of vessels around birds

1. Caution should be exercised when approaching birds on land or on the water.

Approach slowly, watch for signs of agitation and leave slowly. Birds on the water should be given as wide a berth as is practical. Disturbance while fishing is probably more detrimental than disturbance while resting on land. There is a great deal of variation in how different species respond to marine traffic. Cormorants are particularly sensitive to disturbances when nesting although all nesting birds should be avoided. Extra caution should be exercised from nesting through fledging (beginning of May to the end of August). Vessels should approach very slowly and remain at least 100 yards/meters from rookeries. All operators should be aware of areas designated as refuges and remain 200 yards/meters away.

Operation of vessels around porpoises

1. All operators should be able to distinguish harbor porpoise from Dall’s porpoise.

2. When harbor porpoise are encountered, vessels should either (1) leave them alone or (2) if they wish to observe them, either (a) reduce speed as low as possible and maintain their course to their next destination or (b) STOP with engine off or in neutral and observe.

Under no circumstances should vessels attempt to engage harbor porpoise in bow riding.

3. When Dall’s porpoise are encountered vessels should either (a) continue their course and speed or (b) STOP and observe. If the porpoises decide to bow-ride vessels should continue their course and adjust their speed accordingly. Vessels should not repeatedly drive through groups of Dall’s porpoise in order to encourage them to bow-ride. If no porpoises are interested in bow riding after 2 passes, either continue on your way or stop to observe. Avoid circling.

4. When more than one vessel is with the same group of Dall’s porpoise who are actively bow riding, they should communicate and/or have one of the vessels parallel at a safe distance so that passengers can observe the bow riding on the other vessel.

5. Vessels should avoid congregating in a small area when looking for Dall’s porpoise.

Radio Etiquette

1. US Channel 09 should be monitored when on site and used for all communication on the water. Channel 16 should also be monitored at all times.

2. All operators should remember that customers in other boats and in dispatch offices are often able to hear conversations. Transmissions should be courteous and helpful, and use appropriate language.

Guiding/Naturalist Services

1. Member companies shall ensure that the services of an educated/trained naturalist are

available to passengers aboard their vessels.

2. Member companies shall ensure that passengers aboard their vessels are informed of whale-watch guidelines and association standards concerning marine wildlife viewing.

3. Operators should keep a logbook of sightings of all types including birds, cetaceans, pinnipeds and anything else of interest.

Hydrophone etiquette

1. A vessel with a hydrophone down should, if possible, fly a hydrophone flag (letter ‘R’ International system). Any vessel showing the hydrophone flag should be on US Channel 09. Vessels approaching a stationary vessel (or one flying the ‘R’ flag) should establish communications move to a position indicated by the stationary vessel as quickly as possible and then shut off their engine. A vessel departing should communicate their intention to the vessel listening with the hydrophone.

Vessel Operation

1. SHOW RESPECT FOR OTHER OPERATORS! Remember: do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.

2. Do not travel between a boat and the animals its passengers are observing or between a boat and the shoreline.

3. Do not accelerate or pass near other boats at cruising speed.

4. Do no operate loudspeakers near shore – especially in residential areas – or when boats are closely grouped.

5. If you have a complaint about the conduct of a fellow operator, do not voice it over the VHF radio. Offer a helpful suggestion in a courteous manner or discuss the issue in person, by phone, or using a courtesy reminder after the incident. Do not criticize an operator in front of his/her customers.

Research and Education

1. Association members should support local whale research by providing written records of sighting information to bona fide research groups and through association approved financial support of selected research activity.

2. In the interest of good public relations and general good will, association members shall, as occasion warrants, adopt a friendly and educational (rather than punitive)

approach with recreational boaters operating in flagrant violation of guidelines.

3. The association shall endeavor to collaborate with and secure the support of the US and Canadian Coast Guards and Fisheries enforcement authorities as well as concerned island residents. A collaborative and cooperative approach has much more to offer than a distant, threatening or defensive one.

Mosquito Fleet
1724 W. Marine View Drive, Everett, WA 98201
(425) 252-6800, (800) 325-ORCA (6722)
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Ballantine, Bill. 1995. Networks of “No-take” Marine Reserves are Practical and Necessary. In Shackell, N.L. and J.H.M. Willison (eds), Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.

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Battley, Robin. 1998. Mooring Buoys on Local Dive Sites. Available at: www.ucbc.bc.ca/buoy/robbin.htm (10 August 1999).

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BC Parks. 1998. Race Rocks Ecological Reserve Draft Management Plan. Available at: www. racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/manage1.htm (5 March 1999).Bennett, Michael. 1999. Letter from the President of Whale Watching Operators Association Northwest. Available at: www.whalewatching.com/WWOANW_Letter.htm (25 August 1999).

Causey, Billy D. 1995. Enforcement in marine protected areas. In Gubbay, Susan (ed.), Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. London: Chapman & Hall.

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Chung, Susan. 1998. Whale-watching companies free to regulate themselves. Victoria Times-Colonist., Wednesday, July 22, 1998, p. A1.

Cornerstone Planning Group. 1996. A Preliminary Assessment of Potential Alternative Uses for Lightstations in B.C. Report submitted to Ministry of Employment and Investment (BC). Victoria.

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Craik, Wendy. 1994. The Economics of Managing Fisheries and Tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. In Munasighe, M. and J. McNeely (eds), Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking conservation and sustainable development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Davis, D. and C. Tisdell. 1995. Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protectee areas. Ocean & Coastal Management. 48: 229-248.

Davis, D. and C. Tisdell. 1996. Economic Management of Recreational Scuba Diving and the Environment. Journal of Environmental Management 48: 229-248.

De Meyer, K. 1997. How Tourism can help protect the environment: a case study of the Bonaire Marine Park. Tourism Focus: The Newsletter 9 [Newsletter of the UNEP Tourism Program]. Available at: www.unepie.org/newslet/tourism/new9.html (24 March 1999).

DFOa (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). No date. Information Summary. Marine Protected Areas: Race Rocks Pilot Project. Vancouver: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

DFOb. No date. There are limits TO OBSERVE!. Leaflet. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Laurentian Region.

DFO and LUCO (Land Use Coordination Office (BC)) 1998. Marine Protected Areas: A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast. Discussion Paper.

Dixon, D.A., L. Gallon Scura and T. van’t Hof. 1993. Meeting Ecological and Economic Goals: Marine Parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22(2-3): 117-125.

The Ecotourism Society. 1997. How to Choose a Tour Operator Fact Sheet. Available at: www. ecotourism.org/opfaqfr.html (24 February 1999).

Eggen, M. 1997. That Sinking Feeling: Do “artificial reefs” in BC waters increase biodiversity or waste? Alternatives Journal 23(1): 7.

EPGC (The Economic Planning Group of Canada). 1997. Nova Scotia Marine Tourism Study: Final Report. Halifax: Nova Scotia Department of Economic Development and Tourism.

Fletcher, Garry. 1999. Race Rocks Ecosystem Overview. Unpublished report. Victoria: Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific. Also available at: www.pearson-college.uwc.ca/ pearson/racerock/admin/RREOworkshop/rreocontent.htm

GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority). 1999a. Goals and Aims of GBRMPA. Available at: www.gbrmpa.gov.au/general/goals.html (10 August 1999).

GBRMPA. 1999b. Tourism Operators Keep an Eye on the Reef. Reef Research (9)1. Available at: www.gbrmpa.gov.au/information/publications/reef_research/ issue1_99/1rmn5.html (4 August 1999).

GBRMPA. no date. Tourism and Recreation. Information sheet. Townsville, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

Gilbert, Marie-Claude and SSLMP (Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park). 1998. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Whale-Watching Activities at Sea. May 25 and 26 1998, Tadoussac, Quebec.

Grant, Peter. 1996. Race Rocks B&B? Friends of Ecological Reserves Newsletter. Fall 1996.

Haggarty, Dana. 1999. REEF: Fish Survey Pilot Project. Available at: www.ucbc.bc.ca/ reefprog.htm. (10 August 1994).

Harriott, V.J., D. Davis and S.A. Banks. 1997. Recreational Diving and Its Impact in Marine Protected Areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio 26(3): 1997.

Hawkes, Michael. 1994. Conserving Marine Ecosystems: Are British Columbia’s Marine Protected Areas Adequate. In Harding, Lee E. and Emily McCullum (eds), Biodiversity in British Columbia: Our Changing Environment. Victoria: Ministry of Supply and Services under authority of the Ministry of the Environment

Hewett, Shirley. 1996. The Race: A proposal for government and community co-operation could save Race Rocks from poachers and pollution. Monday Magazine 22(48): 8-10.

Kenchington, Richard. 1991. Tourism Development in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean & Coastal Management 15: 57-78.

Kenchington, Richard and Graeme Kelleher. 1995. Making a management plan. In Gubbay, Susan (ed.), Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. London: Chapman & Hall.

Kelleher, G. and R. Kenchington. 1992. Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. A Marine Conservation and Development Report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

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Marion, Jeffrey L. and Caroline S. Rogers. 1994. The Applicability of Terrestrial Visitor Impact Management Strategies to the Protection of Coral Reefs. Ocean & Costal Management 22: 153-163.

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Obee, Bruce. 1998. Eco-tourism boom: how much can wildlife take? Beautiful British Columbia 40(1): 6-17.

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Parks Canada and MEF (Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Faune (Quebec)). 1995. The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park: “Crossroads of Life, Site of Exchanges, Wellspring of Riches” Management Plan. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.

Pearson College (Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific). 1999a. Case Study: Control of Speed of Boats in the Race Rocks Pilot Marine Protected Area. Available at: www. racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/marmam/cutseal/cutseal.htm (20 August 1999).

Pearson College. 1999b. Regulations for Using the Race Rocks Research Centre. Available at: www.racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/admin/rroperat.htm (14 April 1999).

Pearson College. 1998. Fact Book 98/99. Victoria: Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific.

Pearson College. 1999. Acoustical Bathymetry Study at Race Rocks March, 1999. Available at: www.racerocks.com/pearson/racerock/roxview/roxview.htm (23 May 999).

Post, J.C. 1994. The Economic Feasibility and Ecological Sustainability of the Bonaire Marine Park, Dutch Antilles. In Munasinghe, M. and J. McNeely (eds), Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking conservation and sustainable development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Price Waterhouse, ARA Consulting Group Inc. 1996. Tourism Industry Product Overview: Towards a Tourism Growth Management Strategy. Report prepared for Tourism British Columbia and the Council of Tourism Associations of British Columbia.

Tourism British Columbia. no date. Corporate Information. Available at: ww.tbc.gov.bc.ca/ tourism/tourismhome/html (12 May 1999).

Tourism British Columbia. 1998. British Columbia Visitor Study – The Victoria Visitor Report. Vancouver: Tourism British Columbia.

Tourism Victoria. 1999. Exit Survey Annual Report 1998: Quarterly and Yearly Comparisons. Victoria, BC: Tourism Victoria.

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Valentine, P.S., D. Newling and D. Wachenfeld. 1997. The estimation of visitor use from GBRMPA data returns. CRC Research Technical Report No. 16. Townsville: CRC Reef Research Centre.

van Breda, A. and K. Gjerde. 1992. The use of Moorings Buoys As a Management Tool. Washington: Center for Marine Conservation.

Wells, Susan and Alan T. White. 1995. Involving the community. In Gubbay, Susan (ed.), Marine Protected Areas: Principles and techniques for management. London: Chapman & Hall.

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Personal Communication with Author

Bates, Ron. 26 August 1999. Marine Mammal Research Group, Victoria, BC.

Biffard, Doug. 17 May 1999. BC Parks, Victoria, BC.

Bradley, Erin. 26 May 1999.Ogden Point Dive Centre, Victoria, BC.

Dickinson, Greg. 28 May 1999. Pedder Bay Marina, Victoria, BC.

Fletcher, Garry. Various discussions throughout May 1999. Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific, Victoria, BC.Gjernes, Terry. 2 September 1999. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC.

Hadley, Bob. 30 August 1999. Office of Boating Safety, Canadian Coast Guard, Dartmouth, NS.Kissinger, Chris. 25 May 1999. BC Parks, Victoria, BC.

Kukat, Dan. 27 May 1999. Victoria Adventure Centre, Victoria, BC.

Matthews, Angus. 29 May 1999. Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific, Victoria, BC.

Party, Michael. 1 June 1999. Ocean River Sports, Victoria, BC.

Rhodes, Alex. 2 June 1999. Seacoast Expeditions, Victoria, BC.Slater, Carol and Mike. Various discussions throughout May 1999. Race Rocks, BC.

Willison, Martin. 31 August 1999. School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS.

The Race Rocks Ecological Overview Project Identification Information

Posted on Sunday,August 8, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

LOCATION: L.B. Pearson College Library

CALLNUMBER : 577.7 Fle RREO CDROMlor

The Race Rocks Ecological Overview
ABSTRACT:

On September 1, 1998, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Honourable David Anderson proclaimed the creation of the two first Pilot Study Marine Protected Areas in Canada. Race Rocks ecological reserve was designated as one of those area. As part of the pilot process following this announcement, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans has requested that a complete ecological overview would be done of each of the pilot areas. This metadatabase, the Race Rocks Ecological Overview was designed to assemble in one place a searchable database on the ecological research, education and other activities that have occurred at RaceRocks. Included also are references to the immediate surrounding marine area of the existing ecological reserve, the eastern entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the adjacent shoreline of Vancouver Island, in particular the peninsula of Rocky Point. The time frame for these ecological references is from it’s use as an area by First Nations people through its establishment as a light station by the British Navy in 1860, to it’s designation as an Ecological Reserve by the province of British Columbia in 1980, up to the present time, 1999, as a pilot Marine Protected Area. Along with the database, a set of references has been assembled for the primary collection in the Norman McKee-Lang library at Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific in Victoria. An additional set of reference materials has been made available to Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and CDs of this version are being distributed to workshop attendees. April 19,1999 Race Rocks, Metchosin , British Columbia, Canada

Keywords: Race Rocks, Juan de Fuca , MPA, Lester B. Pearson College,marine park,ecological reserve Author: Garry L. Fletcher
Ackknowledgements:
Many individuals have contributed to the construction of this metadatabase, and no doubt some will be omitted from this listing, but I deeply appreciate all their contributions. Norm Healey of Royal Roads University has played a major role in the design in MSAccess, and in programming the searching capabilities. He has dealt with problems inherent in my original database design and has patiently taught me along the way. For the provision of linked databases, I wish to thank Norm and the Metchosin Environmental Advisory Commission for the MEAC database, the Staff at the Canadian Conservation Data Centre, for the addition of the Database from CDC, and Ron Perkins of IOS for the Race Rocks Salinity and Temperature Database. B.C. Parks, Jacques Marc and Trev and Flo Anderson have kindly made their slide sets available to be catalogued in this database. The RBC museum, and Duane Prentice have also provided their copyrighted slides for the database with a permanent set being made available through our library. Also the switchboard page photo was derived from an image taken by Brent Cooke of the RBC museum. John Ford and Robin Baird provided a large portion of the marine mammal materials, Scott Wallace helped with a workshop presentation and research materials. Dee Walmsley provided contacts for references. Sylvia Roach of Lester Pearson College has provided many hours for the scanning, optical character recognition and html of the major references and the herbarium database. She has also done the OCR and Brailling for the selected references. Bette Kirchner, Pearson College librarian has catalogued the reference data and Jolanta Lisiewicz, has assembled the library references and typed abstracts for the database. Becky Macoun, a former student now in Vancouver has done library research for the database. Chris Blondeau, diving instructor at Pearson College has helped me to free up time by assisting with the diving and with the Race Rocks Schools program administrative duties that have been ongoing. Angus Matthews, college administrator has helped with contacts with First Nations and in making his correspondence and records available. Tom Sampson has assisted in educating us about the role of marine resources of the area in First Nations culture. The administrative staff of Pearson College has provided support throughout the project. Lester Pearson College students of the environmental systems and biology classes have provided me with support throughout the last two months on this project and will have a major role to play in it’s ongoing development and updating. In particular, students Martin Kryl and Victor Rakou helped with scanning and some of the data entry. Cynthia Wright of IOS has helped with editing.. Most importantly, my family has been patient and understanding with my preoccupation in getting the first version of this database completed, and Sarah and Alex have contributed greatly to the data entry in the slide collection.

-Garry Fletcher, April, 1999 —-Lester B. Pearson College

STATUS: Version, 1.5 , Completed Aug 4, 1999-
Updating: ongoing –Bio Dept. Lester B. Pearson College-

PUBLICATION INFORMATION: This publication, The Race Rocks Ecological Overview, Version 1.5 has been produced under Contract F1011-9-06 from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C.

Copyright 1999 Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans.
Images Copyright 1999 by Lester B. Pearson College except as specifically noted.
ORIGINATOR: Garry L. Fletcher, faculty member in biology and environmental systems at Lester B. Pearson College. (retired 2004)
ADDRESS:
650 Pearson College Drive
Victoria, B.C.
British Columbia , Canada
V9C 4H7

DATE:08/08/99

Return to the Workshop agenda

Part 7: Ecological Integrity for Race Rocks: the Problem With Destaffing.

Posted on Wednesday,April 7, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

Carol and Mike Slater, formerly the light keepers and then employees of Pearson College as Ecoguardians at Race Rocks attended the meeting. They will continue to live at Race Rocks until the end of June at which time there is no further funding available from Lester Pearson College. (Funding was provided and they stayed on until retirement in 2008). They were able to add their concerns to the possible problems that will come when surveillance of the island is not being done.

The Race Rocks ecosystem was given token protection in 1980 with the creation of an ecological reserve, and that protection strengthened in 1990 with a total closure on commercial fisheries and a partial closure on recreational fisheries. However, the ecological integrity that the place retains today would not be possible without the watchful eyes of the past light keepers and assistant keepers. We first met Trev and Flo Anderson in the late 70’s and started to work in this area as an outdoor laboratory. These individuals who were on location because of a job with the Coastguard became the eyes and ears in the area, looking after the ecosystem at Race Rocks. The following lightkeepers in the ensuing years have all welcomed us warmly, assisting with our educational programs and helping to facilitate outside researchers on the islands. In addition they have performed a valuable role for the ecology of the area. They regularly stop poachers and commercial harvesters and advise boaters not to anchor in the reserve. They have even been known to hand out information pamphlets, help in the arrest of fishermen who were shooting at sea lions and rescue our own students as well as countless others in the past twenty years. They have also contributed to the daily weather records and reports and daily seawater data recording. Carol Slater’s daily logbooks over the past two years are valued records of the daily changes in the birds and mammals as well as the increase in human impact on the reserve. They are included in the database as the best record of what has been happening in terms of reserve management over the past two years. To think of Race Rocks without these guardians in place is to accept that there will be a considerable human impact on this unique resource.

Garry Fletcher, April, 1999

Part 7: Ecological Integrity for Race Rocks: The Problem with Destaffing

Posted on Wednesday,April 7, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

Carol and Mike Slater, formerly the light keepers and presently employees of Pearson College as Ecoguardians at Race Rocks attended the meeting. They will continue to live at Race Rocks until the end of June at which time there is no further funding available from Lester Pearson College. (Funding was provided and they stayed on until retirement in 2008). They were able to add their concerns to the possible problems that will come when surveillance of the island is not being done.

The Race Rocks ecosystem was given token protection in 1980 with the creation of an ecological reserve, and that protection strengthened in 1990 with a total closure on commercial fisheries and a partial closure on recreational fisheries. However, the ecological integrity that the place retains today would not be possible without the watchful eyes of the past light keepers and assistant keepers. We first met Trev and Flo Anderson in the late 70’s and started to work in this area as an outdoor laboratory. These individuals who were on location because of a job with the Coastguard became the eyes and ears in the area, looking after the ecosystem at Race Rocks. The following lightkeepers in the ensuing years have all welcomed us warmly, assisting with our educational programs and helping to facilitate outside researchers on the islands. In addition they have performed a valuable role for the ecology of the area. They regularly stop poachers and commercial harvesters and advise boaters not to anchor in the reserve. They have even been known to hand out information pamphlets, help in the arrest of fishermen who were shooting at sea lions and rescue our own students as well as countless others in the past twenty years. They have also contributed to the daily weather records and reports and daily seawater data recording. Carol Slater’s daily logbooks over the past two years are valued records of the daily changes in the birds and mammals as well as the increase in human impact on the reserve. They are included in the database as the best record of what has been happening in terms of reserve management over the past two years. To think of Race Rocks without these guardians in place is to accept that there will be a considerable human impact on this unique resource.

Return to the Contents page of the Workshop Garry Fletcher, April, 1999

ACOUSTICAL BATHYMETRY OF RACE ROCKS

Posted on Monday,February 15, 1999 by Garry Fletcher

ACOUSTICAL BATHYMETRY OF RACE ROCKS

In February 1999 the hydrographic survey boat from The Institute of Ocean Sciences in Sidney, B.C. has done an acoustical bathymetry program which has mapped the seafloor around Race Rocks to a depth of 100 meters. The project is under the direction of James Galloway. This project will eventually involve two other components as well, grab samples at 40 locations underwater and underwater towed video to a depth of 20 meters. More detail will follow on this page as the project progresses, but the initial two images of bathymetry from different perspectives are presented here.
Our thanks to the following who have made this project possible and have shared their results immediately with us.Doug Cartwright Hydrographer
Canadian Hydrographic Service
Pacific RegionAlso thanks to Lt.Mike Brissette at DND for final stages of work on these images.and to James L Galloway , PEng
Canadian Hydrographic Service, Head, Sonar Systems Institute of Ocean Sciences
9860 West Saanich Road
Sidney BC

Note: In this view, the black area is either where land is located, or it represents the margins of the survey .
(2d capture of entire area from south – 1 x magnification ). Bentick Island appears at the top of the picture. Great Race Rocks, where the light station is located is the large island in the center of the picture. Shoreline margins are not yet accurate. The present boundaries of the Ecological reserve are more or less the outer limits of the red area at 36 meters.
. The second image is a view from the South looking Northward. Colors toward the blue scale are representing depths of almost 100 meters.
( 3d capture of entire area from south : 1x magnification -3 x vertical exaggeration)
We hope to add further interpretation to the pictures , but at this stage they represent a significant step as the first layer of information on the seabed.

These projections represent three dimensional views looking toward Race Rocks from the North West underwater direction.

Race Rocks Ecological Reserve-

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