RACE ROCKS OFFICIALLY DESIGNATED AS AN MPA SEPT. 14, 2000
Table of Contents:PREAMBLE
LIST OF APPENDICES III–Assessment of known conservation (Table 1) and socio-economic (Table 2) values in (Race Rocks) Marine Protected Area according to IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas IV–Consultative Process V–Guiding Principles for Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area VI–Maps VII–Bibliography PREAMBLE The purpose of this proposal is to demonstrate that the criteria outlined in the draft Canada/British Columbia Marine Protected Area Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast (Appendix I) for establishing marine protected areas have been met, thereby providing the rationale for proceeding with formal designation of Race Rocks Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act. Such designation will compliment the protected status of the existing provincial Ecological Reserve. In addition, designation of Race Rocks Marine Protected Area will also contribute to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas initiative to create and manage a network of marine protected areas. 1.0 INTRODUCTION In 1998, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans announced four pilot Marine Protected Area initiatives on Canada’s Pacific coast. One of these areas was Located at the eastern entrance of Juan de Fuca Strait, Race Rocks has been managed as a provincial marine protected area for the past 20 years. The natural values of the
The area’s remarkable tidal flow – up to seven knots – supplies a generous stream of nutrients to a thriving community of subtidal invertebrates, including sponges, anenomes, hydroids and soft corals. Crowds of barnacles, tunicates, urchins and sea stars adorn the underwater cliffs. Fish such as sculpin, rockfish and lingcod seek refuge in the rocky crevices and undulating kelp forests. Above water, the islets serve as nesting colonies for many seabirds, such as gulls, cormorants, pigeon guillemots and oystercatchers, and as a stopover for migratory birds. They share the rocks with resting harbour seals, Stellar and California sea lions, and a few Northern Elephant seals. River otters patrol the shoreline and killer whales are frequent visitors. Gray whales, Dall’s and harbour porpoises occasionally pass by. The The exceptional diversity of marine life at Designation as a Marine Protected Area under the Oceans Act will be followed by a further consultation process leading to the preparation of a long-term integrated management plan for the joint federal/provincial marine protected area under the direction of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks.
2.0 BACKGROUND:
2.1-International, National and Provincial Context Canada and British Columbia are committed to the protection of marine biodiversity and ecological processes, and the sustainable use of marine resources. The commitment to establish Marine Protected Areas fulfils Canada’s international responsibilities and obligations to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and as a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNEP 1994) and the major components of the Jakarta Mandate developed under that Convention. This commitment also provides a means of meeting obligations under the Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention). This commitment is reinforced by a national Fisheries and Oceans Canada policy for establishing Marine Protected Areas. This policy aims to establish a system of Marine Protected Areas under the Oceans Act throughout Canada’s oceans to protect areas that are examples of the major ecological regions and the communities of plants and animals they contain. Supported by a range of provincial and federal marine-related legislation and policy responsibilities, the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region and National) provides advice and input to assist in the co-ordination and integration of Marine Protected Area proposals at the broader regional and national level. Section 35 of the Oceans Act specifically provides for the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans to establish Marine Protected Areas. The commitment of this Act and associated policy supports the above international responsibilities and obligations in addition to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas program of promoting the establishment and management of a global representative system of Marine Protected Areas (Kelleher et al 1995). Appendix II lists the internationally accepted IUCN management categories for protected areas. These management categories were developed by the IUCN with input from agencies with protected area responsibilities from around the world to promote a consistent approach to protected area management. It is proposed that this MPA will have an appropriate management category assigned to it as part of the preparation, with stakeholders, of the management plan.
 (Race Rocks)(Race Rocks) area is entrusted to all Canadians. To ensure that the interests of all Canadians are fairly represented in management processes for the area, three lead steward groups will oversee the management of the (Race Rocks) area. The tri-partied management of will be comprised of the Coast Salish First Nations people; the provincial government through the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks; and the federal government through Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The legislative authorities under which these stewards are mandated (acknowledged) are as follows:
First Nations: Aboriginal title to traditionally used territories is recognized and affirmed as an ‘existing Aboriginal right’ in Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Aboriginal title is one manifestation of a broader-based conception of Aboriginal rights. Aboriginal title is based on occupation of traditional territory prior to the assertion of European sovereignty and takes into account the following aspects: right of exclusive use and occupation of the land; right to choose to what purposes the land can be put; and the economic aspect of the land. (Delgamuukw vs. British Columbia). The Crown is required to give appropriate priority to Aboriginal interests in Aboriginal title lands, reflecting the exclusive nature of Aboriginal title. The Supreme Court has also affirmed the Crown’s obligation to accommodate participation by First Nations in decision-making with regard to development of lands subject to Aboriginal title. The legal authority to establish a protected marine area flows from one or more provincial and federal statutes including: British Columbia’s Ecological Reserve Act, Park Act, Wildlife Act or Environment and Land Use Act, as well as the Fisheries Act of Canada, National Parks Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada’s Oceans Act or the proposed new Marine Conservation Areas Act. Fisheries and Oceans Canada has the mandate to manage specified marine resources under the Fisheries Act and the Oceans Act. Section 35 (2) of the Oceans Act states that the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada has a responsibility “to lead and co-ordinate the development and implementation of a national system of Marine Protected Areas on behalf of the Government of Canada”. Section 35 (1) of the Oceans Act authorizes the Government of Canada to establish Marine Protected Areas for a number of reasons, including the conservation and protection of:
British Columbia ecological reserves are established by provincial order-in-council under the Ecological Reserves Act for the:
2.3-Marine Protected Area Strategy The governments of Canada and British Columbia are working together to implement a Marine Protected Areas strategy that will achieve co-ordinated marine protection and conservation goals for the Pacific coast. As mentioned earlier, one of these areas is The proposed designation of
4. The Past collaboration between Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks has yielded Fisheries Act closures within the reserve for most species since 1990. The creation of an Oceans Act MPA within the water column above the provincial Ecological Reserve will facilitate the integrated management of the Management planning processes provide a mechanism for public review and support for management strategies. In this respect it will be important that the proposed management plan for the joint Ecological Reserve – Marine Protected Area make appropriate linkages with other land use planning strategies.
3.0-
These values have been categorized into three interest areas: Conservation, Cultural Heritage, and Socio-Economic. While the Ecological Reserve and Marine Protected Area complement each other in contributing to the maintenance of biological diversity and the protection of genetic material, equally important is the historic significance of the area to First Nations people and mariners.
3.1-Conservation Values The Ecosystem Overview of Race Rocks (Race Rocks Ecosystem Overview, G. Fletcher, 1999) and the Draft Management Plan for Race Rocks (BC Parks, 1998) identify a number of key conservation values for the Geology: The geological terrain that includes Race Rocks is known as the Crescent Terrain, with the most prominent feature being the Metchosin Igneous Complex. This package of rocks are fine grained basalts (extrusive ocean crust) and their coarse grained equivalent, gabbros (intrusive rocks). Still evident are the small erratics and scour marks from the last of three glaciations. Climate: Located in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and influenced by a wind funnel effect over the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Temperature and salinity: Race Rocks lightstation staff have recorded salinity and temperature for the past sixty years, with some local records dating back to 1921. Salinity varies considerably and is seasonally affected by the large volumes of weakly stratified, freshwater from the Fraser River. Winter water temperatures average about 7.5° C. with summer peaks of about 11° C. Physical oceanography: The area features high velocity currents that can reach up to seven knots in some shallow rocky intertidal or subtidal locales. The currents create a turbulent regime that brings nutrients up from surrounding depths and thus support a highly localized and complex food web. The currents also mix the water column, inhibit stratification, and promote high dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Rocky intertidal and subtidal sites especially those with high current flow also attract many diverse species of fishes, marine mammals and seabirds and promote high levels of invertebrate larval recruitment. Marine algae and vascular plants: Forty-one taxa are found at Race Rocks. Approximately 50% of vegetation coverage consists of Brown Kelps in certain depths and months; 30-90% may be Coralline Algae in other locales. Their biomass may be significantly higher than in surrounding areas. Phytoplankton and zooplankton: Species information is available from collection stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a highly dynamic but poorly studied area. About 130 known taxa of phytoplankton and 100 zooplankton occur. Diatoms are most abundant in spring and early summer; dinoflagellates high in later summer and early fall; microflagellates in winter. Chlorophyll ranges from 1 to 5 mg/m3, low in fall/winter, high in spring/summer. Calanoid copepods are a dominant group, up to 70 – 90% in spring and summer. Pseudocalanus are most common species in the Strait. Other important zooplankton include euphasids, arrow worms, and fish eggs and larvae. Zooplankton abundance reaches a high of about one million individuals per sq. metre in August. Benthic Invertebrates: Although the species list is incomplete, evidence indicates high abundance and species diversity with over 200 taxa listed. Germesia (soft-coral), Gorgonocephalus (brittle star), E. prolifera and M. senile (anemones) are extremely abundant. Pacific abalone is listed as threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Recent towed video surveys showed high occurrences of sea urchins and anemones. Fishes: Thirty-five species are found here. However, there are large knowledge gaps about the fish populations and their roles in this ecosystem. The area represents a critical habitat for many species of rockfish, lingcod, and kelp greenling. Some rockfish species are now considered a “Species of Concern” by Washington State (U.S.A.) and are of conservation concern in B.C. Birds: About 45 known species of marine associated birds use Race Rocks Area for feeding, roosting, and nesting. The area provides critical nesting habitat for Glaucous-winged Gulls, Pigeon Guillemots, Black Oystercatchers and possibly Brandt’s Cormorants. Twenty-three percent of the Pelagic Cormorant population in the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca nests at Race Rocks. Marine Mammals: Species found at Race Rocks include five known species of pinnipeds and ten species of cetaceans, five of which are common. The area is primarily used as a stop-over and rafting site for California (>1,000) and Steller sea lions (>50) in the winter. Harbour seals are the primary year-round resident users for haulout, birthing, pupping, and weaning. Race Rocks is the largest haulout for harbour seals in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the second largest in the Canadian waters of the Georgia Basin, and can represent up to 20% of the South Gulf Islands population. 3.2- Cultural Heritage Values Traditional harvest: Four Coast Salish First Nations, Beecher Bay, T’souke, Songees and Esquimalt Nations, claim the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca as part of their traditional territory. Other Coast Salish Nations may have used this area. Interviews with First Nations representatives indicate that a wide range of food was available from the coastal waters including gull’s eggs, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, chitons, snails, whelks, mussels, barnacles, seaweeds, crab and fish. Seafood was not only eaten but also traded with other First Nations including those from Washington State (U.S.A.). Marine Navigation: As part of the “Graveyard of the Pacific”, the area was named “Race Rocks” by officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company who noted the area as a severe hazard to navigation in the 19th century due to the dangers created by the rip tide. Numerous shipwrecks led to the establishment of a lighthouse station at Great Race Rock in 1860. This lighthouse is the second oldest on Canada’s West Coast and is protected with designation as a heritage structure. The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia maintains an inventory of shipwreck sites within the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve.
3.3 -Socio-economic interests The diversity and significance of natural, cultural heritage and recreational values of the Race Rocks area generates substantial and varied socio-economic interests. Under the provincial legislation however, there are significant limitations on the acceptable uses of the area. For instance, the primary purpose of the Ecological Reserve is the protection of the natural and cultural heritage values, and human use may only occur to the extent to which these values are not impaired. Ecological Reserves are not designated for recreational purposes. The socio-economic interests identified below should be considered in light of this restrictive legislation.
BC. Parks, Parks Canada, the Department of National Defence and Fisheries and Oceans Canada are committed to a coordinated and cooperative approach to the management of Race Rocks and providing the level of protection identified by the public and the RRAB. This pilot process has led to a greater understanding and improved collaboration between these agencies.
(Race Rocks) Marine protected AreaTo assist Canada and B.C. in working towards the formal designation of the Membership on the Race Rocks Advisory Board was comprised of representatives from: Friends of Ecological Reserves, the local dive community, Georgia Strait Alliance, Pearson College, First Nations (Coast Salish Sea Council), Sport Fish Advisory Board – Victoria, Department of National Defence, Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific, Parks Canada, the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the local science community, Northwest Whale Watchers Association and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The function of the Advisory Board was to:
(Race Rocks) and recommendations for management of the MPA; and, ensure community involvement in the establishment and on-going management of the
4.2 -A Vision for “Based on a cooperative and integrated, multi-lateral relationship, Race Rocks Marine Protected Area – Ecological Reserve will conserve and protect a unique, high-energy marine ecosystem for the benefit of future generations.” Eco-tourism As British Columbia’s eco-tourism and dive industries expand, it is anticipated that visits to Any restrictions to recreational use will be made in consultation with the Race Rocks Advisory Board and the affected interest groups and others. For example, through the public advisory group process, and with the support of the whale watching industry, voluntary guidelines for appropriate viewing procedures have been established. As the popularity of viewing activities increases, this use will be monitored and further restrictions may be applied if impacts on the resources exceed acceptable limits. Recreational Fishing There are conservation concerns related to bycatch of species of concern such as rockfish and lingcod in the recreational salmon and halibut fisheries directly adjacent to the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. The Race Rocks Advisory Board recommended that the area be closed to all fishing activity. Although initially reluctant to consider a total recreational fishing closure within the boundary of the proposed Recreational Boating Proximity to a large population base and the geographic location of Race Rocks (transit between the “west coast” and Gulf Island communities) make the Marine Protected Area particularly vulnerable to boating use. The volume of traffic passing in close proximity to, or through the MPA, will likely continue to increase over time. This activity will need to be closely monitored and subject to marine safety considerations, further restrictions may be required if adverse impacts exceed acceptable limits. Marine Navigation Due to the isolated nature, and the small area encompassed by the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve and proposed Marine Protected Area, even a small oil spill could have a devastating impact on the Race Rocks area. Oil spill contingency resources are available in Victoria. There may be a requirement to consider special contingency arrangements during the development of the management plan for The Port of Vancouver’s draft Ballast Water Management Guidelines state that dumping of ballast water may take place west of the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. The introduction of alien species and contamination could significantly impact the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region) Members of the Federal Committee on Oceans (Pacific Region) were contacted by letter in mid-May to determine if there were any issues related to moving forward with designation of the Race Rocks MPA. No issues were raised. 4.4-Objectives for The following objectives have been identified for the Oceans Act portion of the joint marine protected area. These objectives may be modified following an integrated management planning process for the joint Federal-Provincial Marine Protected Area. The objectives for the
4.5-Proposal to designate The recommendations, outlined below, reflect the outcome of a consensus-based process by the Race Rocks Advisory Board (RRAB) regarding the management of the Over the past eighteen months, the pilot Marine Protected Area process has identified and galvanized strong support for the complementary designation of Race Rocks as a joint MPA under federal and provincial jurisdictions. The consultative process developed new, trust-based relationships between an array of stakeholders and user groups including First Nations, sports fishers, eco-tourism companies, dive charter operators, scientists, educators and environmental organizations. It also elevated expectations that federal follow-through will be expeditious. There is significant risk to these valuable relationships and stakeholders’ reputations should the designation be delayed. The following recommendations for the area’s management are presented for consideration: 4.6 a-Designation It is recommended that Race Rocks be a joint federal-provincial marine protected area, receiving a high level of protection through the complementary authorities of the Federal Oceans Act and the Provincial Ecological Reserve Act. 4.6 b-Co-operative Management It is recommended that a joint Management Committee consisting of First Nations, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks be established to ensure that the planning and management of the area is co-ordinated, effective and efficient and that Fisheries and Oceans Canada and BC Parks, as the lead public agencies, are publicly accountable for achieving the area’s goals and objectives. 4.6 c-Name It is recommended that the Marine Protected Area be named 4.7-Area Boundaries It is recommended that the boundary for
4.8-Federal Oceans Act Designation This proposal:
On this basis, it is recommended that An appropriate IUCN Management Category will be applied to the
4.8-Management Intentions Managing human use and impacts are the principal issues for In recognition of the historical significance of the area to First Nations, shared management of the Rather than develop a new regulatory framework for protection and conservation, existing regulatory mechanisms will be applied where necessary to support management objectives. There are strong indications that a voluntary compliance and stewardship program will achieve many of the resource protection goals and objectives, it is recognized, however, that some management objectives will require regulatory authority in order to be achieved. Principal stakeholder groups have expressed a keen interest in not only developing “best practices” but also working towards ensuring a high degree of compliance.
The recommended milestones and timing for designation appear below:
4.9-Post Designation Following the designation, the Federal-Provincial Management Committee referred to in Section 4.6 b will work with key stakeholders on the development and implementation of management policies and practices for
List of Appendices: Appendix I–Canada/BC Marine Protected Area Strategy MPA Criteria Appendix II –IUCN Management Categories for Protected Areas Appendix III –Assessment of known conservation (Table 1) and socio-economic values (Table 2) in Race Rocks Marine Protected Area according to the IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas. Appendix IV–Consultative Process Public consultations Appendix V–Guiding Principles for Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area Appendix VI–Maps Appendix VII–Bibliography
APPENDIX I
Canada/BC Marine Protected Area Strategy MPA Criteria
APPENDIX II
IUCN Management Categories for Protected Areas Management Categories The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has been actively involved in the process for the establishment of marine protected areas since first promulgating guidelines in 1991. Through the efforts of the IUCN, governments and communities around the world have been spurred to conservation and protection initiatives that have, in effect, been harmonised by the development of an international context within which to operate. Dependent upon their objectives, the IUCN (’94) has provided six categories for all protected areas including marine protected areas: Category I-Protected area managed mainly for science or –specific natural features (Natural monument); Category IV-Protected area managed mainly for conservation Category V-Protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape –conservation and recreation (Protected Landscape/Seascape); and Category VI-Protected area managed mainly for sustainable use of Given the uniqueness, diversity and size of the proposed Race Rocks Marine Protected area, the highest level of protection will be required – IUCN Category I Protected Area. Based on the results of previous consultations, it is anticipated that relevant stakeholders and partners will support this approach. Appendix III Table 1 Assessment of known conservation values in
TABLE 2 Assessment of socio-economic values in the
Appendix IV Consultative Process Consultative Framework The pilot process for the establishment of a Marine Protected Area at First Nations: Engaging First Nations in the consideration of Race Rocks as a pilot MPA has been a priority. Initial discussions with T’souke and Beecher Bay First Nations revealed both common interests and issues requiring resolution. From a First Nation’s perspective, the Race Rocks area has cultural significance with respect to traditional use and management of the area’s resources. There is recognition that, should a Marine Protected Area be established, it will not infringe on First Nations’ existing Treaty rights, traditional, food, ceremonial interests or relationship with the area. Further, a significant opportunity has developed for cooperative management and First Nation’s educational opportunities. The Race Rocks Advisory Board included representation from the Coast Salish Sea Council. Active participation from First Nations ensured effective communications with local Bands and those in neighbouring Washington State U.S.A. Several events highlighted the First Nations’ participation. A “Thirteen Moon” seminar was conducted in December “which demonstrated the lunar cycle’s influence on traditional First Nations’ life and relationship to the ecosystem”. On March 9, 2000 the members of the Race Rocks Advisory Board were honoured to be invited by the Beecher Bay Band to a “Burning Ceremony” near Race Rocks. This event is highly spiritual and provides an offering to ancestors. It was a rare privilege to be invited to participate in such a ceremony and it provided a very meaningful opportunity to build relationships. More recently, First Nations’ elders and youth are visiting
The Race Rocks Advisory Board members expressed appreciation for the opportunity to develop a fuller understanding of First Nations’ relationship with marine ecosystems. Through this process it became apparent that there was First Nations’ support for the creation of Marine Protected Areas such as
Stakeholder Consultations Extensive consultations were conducted to determine interests, issues and support for the creation of a Marine Protected Area at Race Rocks. With most groups support was readily apparent and strong. A small minority of stakeholder groups expressed concerns and interests that were resolved. Issues regarding recreational fishing and eco-tourism interests required more detailed and protracted discussion. Public Consultations In addition to sector consultations with stakeholders, two public sessions were conducted in February 2000. The public consultations were held to ensure the widest range of information and discussion with those persons potentially not represented by particular interest groups.
APPENDIX V The following Guiding Principles for Marine Protected Area development have been adapted, in co-operation with BC Parks, from the draft Marine Protected Areas – A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast 1998 – Guiding Principles for MPA Development.
Guiding Principles for the Designation of Race Rocks Ecological Reserve as a Marine Protected Area Working Together: The full realization of Race Rocks as both and ER and MPA is dependent on the combined authorities of Canada and British Columbia, as well as the ongoing coordination of management actions by a range of federal and provincial agencies, non-government organizations and volunteers. DFO and BC Parks, representing Canada and British Columbia, will together provide the leadership that fosters this coordination, cooperation and partnership. Learning by Doing: The outcomes and recommendations for management were based on stakeholders working together to develop the best solutions for a new initiative. Flexibility and adaptability will be required to meet the needs of all interests. Respect First Nations and the Treaty Process: Canada and British Columbia consider First Nations’ support and participation in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve and Marine Protected Area planning and management processes as essential. First Nations will be actively involved in all planning and management processes. The establishment of this MPA will not preclude options for settlement of treaties. Managing for Sustainability: All resources within the Marine Protected Area require protection and conservation and must be managed for the benefit of future generations, with the emphasis on maintaining viable populations of all species and conserving a functioning ecosystem. Precautionary approach: All management actions, including the regulation of appropriate uses, will be based on the precautionary approach. The precautionary approach means, “erring on the side of caution.” This principle puts the burden of proof on anyone conducting activities within Race Rocks MPA to demonstrate that there will be no damage to the marine ecosystem from the proposed activity. Adaptive Planning and Management: The values protected within Race Rocks MPA will be subject to external influences and change over time. As such, the management direction and actions for the MPA component of the Race Rocks area will be adaptive and responsive to the changing environmental, social and economic conditions.
Fostering Ecosystem-Based Management: An ecosystem-based approach will be used to manage Race Rocks MPA. This means that management respects the integrity of the natural ecosystem and its key components structure and functions. This approach means that certain human activities will be managed in order to protect the natural environment. Fostering Stewardship: Governments, stakeholders and local communities all play an equally important role in sustaining the activities, lifestyles, economics and health of the Race Rocks marine environment. Opportunities to actively involve others outside of Government in the stewarding of the Race Rocks area will be a foundation for the successful protection of the Race Rocks environment. Open, Informed and Inclusive Decision-Making: Effective protection of Race Rocks’ values, as well as trust-based stewardship depends on open, transparent and informed decision-making. The management direction will be both inclusive of all interests and supported, to the greatest extent possible, by all affected organizations and individuals. Appendix V1 MAPS
Appendix VII Bibliography
BC Parks (1999). The Management Plan for the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve –Draft. Unpublished. 26pp. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (1999). National Framework for Establishing and Managing Marine Protected Areas. 25pp Fletcher, G. (1999). The Race Rocks Ecological Overview. Governments of Canada and British Columbia (1998). Marine Protected Areas – A Strategy for Canada’s Pacific Coast. 28pp. Kelleher, G. & A. Phillips (eds.) (1999). Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. World Commission on Protected Areas of IUCN – The World Conservation Union. 28 pp. Murgatroyd, L. (1999). Managing Tourism and Recreational Activities in Canada’s Marine Protected Areas: the Pilot Project at Race Rocks British Columbia. Dalhousie University graduate thesis. Pakenham, M. (ed.) (2000). Race Rocks Advisory Board Management Recommendations for Pakenham, M. & K. Francis. (eds.) (2000). Regulatory Impact Assessment Statement – regulations to Designate Pakenham, M. & K. Francis. (eds.) (2000). Proposal to Designate |
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(Race Rocks) Marine Protected Area according to the IUCN criteria for the identification and selection of marine protected areas.
