Why are the Waters around Race Rocks so Nutrient Rich?

Posted on Sunday,February 21, 2021 by Garry Fletcher

The productivity of the waters passing by Race Rocks contributes to the high biodiversity and abundance of organisms in the area. Part 5 of the following journal article provides a clue for the incidence of high Nitrogen level throughout the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Free Access

Influences of the Juan de Fuca Eddy on circulation, nutrients, and phytoplankton production in the northern California Current System

A. MacFadyen

B. M. Hickey

W. P. Cochlan

First published: 06 August 2008

https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004412

Citations: 37

5. Regional Effects of the Juan de Fuca Eddy

5.1. Nutrient Enrichment of the Northern CCS

[44] The Juan de Fuca Eddy has been described as an “upwelling center”, allowing water to be raised from deeper depths than in classical wind‐driven upwelling [Freeland and Denman, 1982]. Upwelling in the eddy enriches the deep waters that flow into Juan de Fuca Strait as part of the estuarine circulation return flow. The penetration into the strait of this nutrient‐rich water mass is evident in a vertical section of ambient nitrate concentration measured in September 2003 (Figure 13). At the mouth of the strait, nitrate concentrations below 100 m (the approximate depth of the division between inflow and outflow) are >34 μM. Similar concentrations are present in bottom water along the strait axis, reaching ∼150 km east of the Strait entrance where strong mixing in shallow regions of high tidal currents mixes them upwards.

**Figure 13**

Open in figure viewer PowerPoint

Vertical section of nitrate concentration measured in an along‐axis Juan de Fuca Strait transect (18 September 2003). Station names are across the top of the section and geographically in the insert figure. Continue reading →

Seawater Salinity and Temperature Observations for March

Posted on Tuesday,March 31, 2020 by Nick Townley

Day	Time	Temp. ºC	Salinity ppt
1	8:24	7.7	31.7
2	8:55	7.8	31.6
3	7:14	7.8	31.4
4	6:53	7.7	31.6
5	7:59	7.8	31.4
6	9:15	7.8	31.5
7	10:32	7.9	31.5
8	11:12	7.9	31.7
9	14:00	7.8	32.4
10	15:47	7.9	32.0
11	16:53	7.9	32.8
12	17:06	7.9	32.6
13	19:33	7.7	32.2
14
15
16	7:18	7.3	31.6
17	8:14	7.4	31.5
18	7:55	7.5	31.5
19	9:10	7.7	31.4
20	10:49	7.8	31.6
21	13:02	8.0	31.7
22	16:19	8.1	31.6
23	14:56	7.9	31.9
24	15:44	7.9	31.9
25	16:31	8.0	31.8
26	17:23	7.9	31.8
27	18:25	8.0	31.8
28	8:16	7.9	31.7
29	8:10	7.9	31.5
30	6:35	7.8	31.8
31	6:44	7.7	31.7

It was too windy and wavy to take measurements on March 14 and 15.

Seawater Observations for January

Posted on Friday,January 31, 2020 by Nick Townley

Day	Time	Temp ºC	Salinity ppt
1	9:15	8.3	32.3
2	9:18	8.2	32.1
3	9:39	8.3	32.0
4	9:43	8.1	32.0
5	10:00	8.2	31.8
6	10:16	8.2	31.7
7	10:27	8.3	31.6
8	10:31	8.2	31.9
9	10:57	8.2	31.9
10	14:44	8.2	31.4
11	12:28	8.2	31.9
12
13	14:24	7.7	31.9
14	14:42	7.6	31.9
15
16	8:13	7.6	32.1
17	8:33	7.5	32.1
18	8:55	7.9	32.0
19	10:33	7.9	31.7
20	9:55	8.0	31.6
21	10:13	8.0	31.5
22	10:30	7.9	31.5
23	11:02	8.0	31.6
24	12:18	8.1	31.7
25	12:24	8.1	31.7
26	13:03	8.2	31.6
27	13:46	8.1	31.6
28	14:26	8.1	31.5
29	15:10	8.2	31.5
30	16:11	8.0	31.5
31	8:20	8.1	31.5

*The observations are missing from January 12 and 15 because the wind and large waves prevented me from safely accessing the jetty.

Archive of Sea Water Temperatures at Race Rocks 1921-Present

Posted on Monday,November 4, 2019 by Garry Fletcher

file created: 10-Oct-2019 14:51:44
Monthly Sea Surface Temperature
Race Rocks                       48.2996 123.5318
Year   Jan    Feb    Mar    Apr    May    Jun    Jul    Aug    Sep    Oct    Nov    Dec
1921 999.99   7.13   7.39   7.75   8.53   9.57 10.31 10.53 10.35   9.88   9.21   8.25
1922   6.49   6.20   6.61   7.55   8.35   9.54 10.53 10.34 10.25   9.37   8.42   7.15
1923   7.11   6.46   6.71   7.64   8.61   9.37 10.38 10.60 10.63   9.67   8.72   7.96
1924   7.13   7.39   7.72   7.97   9.05   9.83 10.51 10.37 10.28   9.28   8.83   7.36
1925   6.66   6.91   7.36   8.07   9.22 10.17 11.16 10.86 10.24   9.27   8.39   8.20
1926   7.90   8.04   8.64   9.25 10.10 10.72 11.18 10.90 10.57   9.82   9.15   8.55
1927   7.65   7.44   7.83   8.07   8.86   9.80 10.57 10.91 10.41   9.70   8.67   7.60
1928   6.93   7.33   7.90   8.62   9.79 10.29 10.82 11.00 10.39   9.20   8.62   7.92
1929   7.16   6.41   7.13   7.86   9.07   9.83 10.82 10.82 10.81   9.86   8.84   7.88
1930   6.58   6.66   7.15   8.30   9.38 10.06 10.66 10.89 10.61   9.50   8.65   8.08
1931   7.90   7.90   8.25   8.85   9.90 10.62 11.57 11.18 10.73   9.66   8.64   7.75
1932   7.12   6.83   7.33   8.24   9.33 10.44 10.82 10.98 10.74   9.65   8.92   7.74
1933   7.14   6.73   7.12   8.08   9.14 10.26 10.59 11.53 10.12   9.68   8.64   7.72
1934   7.87   7.99   8.39   9.23 10.04 10.88 10.97 11.70 10.71   9.72   9.25   8.41
1935   7.29   7.27   7.51   7.81   9.21 10.20 10.58 10.59 10.77   9.71   8.23   8.15
1936   7.90   6.76   7.05   7.89   9.32 10.47 11.30 11.32 10.52 10.13   8.62   7.99
1937   6.62   6.49   7.73   8.74   9.95 10.92 11.77 11.53 10.91   9.93   8.51   8.19
1938   7.44   7.29   8.19   9.41 10.63 12.34 12.74 11.91 11.10   9.93   8.64   7.51
1939   7.42   6.67   7.13   8.64 10.32 11.43 12.20 11.15 11.47   9.75 —-    8.58
1940   7.98   8.28   9.06 10.09 11.49 11.69 —— —— ——-   ——- —– ——
1941   —–   —–    —–    —– 10.07 10.54 11.29 11.05 10.66   9.97   9.07   8.60
1942   7.99   7.91   7.85   8.59   9.70   9.87 10.61 11.03 10.34   9.52   8.44   7.92
1943   6.83   6.71   7.16   8.25   8.89 10.03 10.35 10.68 10.39   9.62   9.06   8.13
1944   7.72   7.54   7.37   8.06   9.29 10.58 11.09 10.92 10.58   9.67   9.24   8.13
1945   7.87   7.79   7.64   8.02   8.87   9.86 10.16 10.58 10.09   9.52   8.18   8.10
1946   7.80   7.38   7.71   8.16   9.48 10.28 10.78 10.81 10.33   9.50   8.16   7.78
1947   7.13   7.08   7.77   8.47   9.53 10.48 10.67 11.00 10.57   9.92   9.12   7.96
1948   7.60   6.97   7.26   7.92   9.02 10.28 10.86 10.74 10.48   9.55   8.21   7.08
1949   6.15   6.13   6.97   8.31   9.45 10.20 10.37 10.30 10.52   9.54   8.77   7.88
1950   6.25   5.87   6.65   7.75   8.72   9.48 10.10 10.43 10.31   9.32   8.58   8.08
1951   7.53   6.95   6.72   8.12   9.25 10.31 10.45 11.09 10.93   9.58   8.53   7.76
1952   6.97   7.13   7.64   8.29   9.02   9.69 10.48 10.54 10.23   9.81   8.69   7.95
1953   7.85   7.96   7.69   8.16   9.33   9.82 10.64 11.07 10.62   9.94   9.35   8.56
1954   7.16   7.35   7.55   7.97   8.80   9.32   9.93 10.08 10.07   9.43   9.16   8.46
1955   7.53   7.20   6.78   7.52   8.42   9.38   9.81 10.26 10.00   9.00   7.58   6.70
1956   6.72   6.43   6.35   7.69   8.79   9.69 10.26 10.46 10.17   9.22   8.12   7.12
1957   6.39   6.24   7.25   8.13   9.38 10.10 10.35 10.51 10.59   9.82   8.90   8.35
1958   8.09   8.31   8.66   9.39 10.38 10.77 11.55 11.56 11.04   9.97   8.77   8.15
1959   7.63   7.45   7.93   9.12   9.77 10.50 11.32 11.08 10.51   9.73   8.37   7.82
1960   7.17   7.52   7.52   8.63   9.67 10.34 11.43 10.80 10.13   9.53   8.67   7.98
1961   7.99   8.21   8.41   8.86   9.41 10.36 11.00 11.32 10.67   9.45   8.30   7.51
1962   7.21   7.36   7.37   8.39   9.33 10.05 10.47 10.53 10.60 10.08   9.41   8.75
1963   7.53   7.55   7.87   8.50   9.68 10.25 10.50 10.85 10.62 10.32   9.99   8.76
1964   8.26   8.00   7.77   8.25   8.85   9.66 10.30 10.50 10.07   9.41   8.34   7.46
1965   6.92   7.11   7.28   8.00   8.90   9.83 10.07 10.21 10.32   9.70   9.21   8.52
1966   7.72   7.61   7.75   8.54   9.05   9.12 10.63 10.75 10.17   9.57   8.76   8.64
1967   7.95   7.75   7.62   8.15   8.91   9.64 10.34 10.59 10.53   9.78   9.15   8.04
1968   7.40   7.36   8.04   8.37   8.78   9.50 10.24 10.25 10.45   9.36   8.82   7.81
1969   6.53   6.39   7.23   8.12   9.13 10.21 10.47 10.51   9.88   9.28   8.73   8.16
1970   7.59   7.78   8.00   8.08   8.76   9.64 10.26 10.30 10.09   9.06   8.38   7.59
1971   7.10   6.94   6.72   7.57   8.58   9.16 10.07 10.67 10.43   9.34   8.30   7.37
1972   6.47   6.29   6.92   7.68   8.82   9.57 10.56 10.69 10.30   9.15   8.47   7.37
1973   7.05   7.27   7.98   8.45   8.70   9.29 10.14 10.40 10.09   9.25   8.25   8.04
1974   7.28   7.24   7.36   8.20   8.56   9.74 10.07 10.93 10.65   9.78   8.61   8.26
1975   7.33   6.81   7.23   7.73   8.73   9.48 10.20 10.42 10.41   9.62   9.28   7.85
1976   7.27   7.07   7.01   7.85   8.75   9.37 10.14 10.16 10.09   9.44   8.69   8.13
1977   7.63   7.98   8.09   8.35   8.83   9.79   9.97 10.89 10.31   9.29   8.62   7.97
1978   7.66   7.96   8.34   8.99   9.45 10.38 10.49 10.91 10.59   9.81   8.22   7.37
1979   6.58   6.90   7.57   8.38   9.54 10.01 10.90 10.77 10.51   9.87   9.08   8.61
1980   7.79   7.66   7.97   8.69   9.50   9.52 10.66 10.95 10.52   9.96   9.30   8.61
1981   8.31   8.39   8.87   9.24   9.47   9.91 10.35 10.59 10.21   9.73   9.38   8.60
1982   7.25   7.51   8.00   8.88   9.99 10.74 11.42 11.80 11.41 10.38   8.81   8.35
1983   8.63   8.67   9.36 10.07 10.65 11.33 11.79 12.46 11.49 10.30   9.54   7.77
1984   7.53   7.86   8.43   9.07   9.74 10.34 11.42 11.60 10.66   9.77   8.56   6.99
1985   6.82   6.88   7.25   8.20   9.63 10.62 11.56 11.64 10.83   9.63   6.89   6.44
1986   7.05   6.68   8.08   8.43   9.48 11.07 10.95 11.84 10.88   9.82   8.46   7.88
1987   7.61   7.99   8.39   8.98   9.82 10.68 11.15 11.57 11.14 10.07   9.08   8.25
1988   7.46   7.53   7.58   8.62   9.70 10.49 11.07 11.41 10.62   9.63   8.77   7.91
1989   7.01   5.87   6.83   8.27   9.51 10.80 11.31 11.24 11.09   9.96   8.96   8.23
1990   8.18   7.72   8.24   9.08   9.90 10.87 11.88 12.14 12.18 10.79   9.97   8.22
1991   7.13   7.80   7.98   8.43   9.79   9.78 10.83 11.09 11.24 10.14   8.93   8.31
1992   7.97   8.18   9.50   9.51 10.26 10.80 11.13 11.45 11.02 10.01   9.10   7.81
1993   6.71   6.79   7.68   8.70   9.78 10.85 11.07 11.20 11.00 10.19   8.58   7.92
1994   8.05   7.46   8.61   9.31 10.13 10.62 11.63 11.59 11.36 10.75   9.38   8.41
1995   8.27   8.63   8.86   9.22 10.21 11.21 11.88 11.53 11.38 10.26   9.42   8.91
1996   8.26   7.87   8.47   9.22 10.06 10.41 11.51 11.50 10.59   9.91   8.76   7.68
1997   7.75   7.95   8.10   9.02 10.35 10.98 11.77 12.26 11.66 11.39 10.00   9.31
1998   8.75   9.28   9.77 10.00 10.44 11.41 11.78 12.34 12.11 10.70   9.87   9.00
1999   8.07   7.80   8.17   8.91   9.58 10.48 11.12 11.57 11.91 10.14   9.01   8.52
2000   7.57   7.74   8.20   9.11 10.08 11.16 11.35 11.72 11.44 10.36   9.02   8.02
2001   7.93   7.73   8.10   8.80   9.75 10.68 11.33 11.41 11.40 10.23   9.25   8.36
2002   8.11   7.91   7.79   8.80   9.46 10.54 11.28 11.78 11.36 10.08   9.09   8.84
2003   8.87   8.54   8.74   9.29   9.96 10.98 11.39 11.49 11.41 10.93   8.99   8.47
2004   7.87   7.91   8.34   9.11 10.46 11.10 11.87 11.97 11.30 10.65   9.49   8.67
2005   7.75   8.01   8.84   9.48 10.71 11.22 11.69 12.17 11.50 10.40   9.53   8.40
2006   8.61   8.49   8.41   8.75 10.08 10.87 11.66 12.09 11.49 10.55   9.29   8.54
2007   7.84   7.78   7.86   8.95 10.03 10.19 11.23 11.66 11.03 10.01   8.97   8.03
2008   7.46   7.33   7.68   8.06   9.36   9.78 10.84 11.30 11.16 10.14   9.39   7.87
2009   7.29   7.20   7.46   8.35   9.54 10.39 11.44 11.74 11.80 10.62   9.35   7.70
2010   8.11   8.69   9.12   8.96   9.45 10.36 11.16 11.93 11.08 10.37   8.98   8.06
2011   7.77   7.49   7.77   8.53   9.32 10.35 10.76 11.38 11.17 10.14   8.66   8.01
2012   7.29   7.35   7.63   8.73   9.82   9.76 10.37 10.98 10.93   9.66   8.85   8.32
2013   7.64   7.44   7.48   8.27   9.05   9.72 10.96 10.76 10.65 10.10   8.69   7.68
2014   7.63   7.25   7.90   8.80   9.72 10.30 10.79 11.36 11.20 10.72 10.14   9.03
2015   8.75   9.00   8.96   9.40   9.88 11.17 11.97 12.23 11.30 10.55   9.61   9.01
2016   8.45   8.77   9.05   9.71 10.21 11.16 11.90 12.52 11.27 10.40 10.42   8.63
2017   6.96   7.03   7.94   9.08 10.24 11.21 11.70 11.87 11.29 10.15   9.10   8.45
2018   8.06   7.71   8.00   8.81 10.31 10.63 11.40 11.50 11.11 10.27   9.54   8.72
2019   8.45 —-    8.96 10.05 10.87 10.98 11.26   10.85   ——-    —– —– ——
Year   Jan       Feb     Mar     Apr    May    Jun    Jul     Aug    Sep Oct Nov    Dec

Archive of Seawater Temperature Data 1921 to present

Posted on Tuesday,October 1, 2019 by Garry Fletcher

Note, The blanks for the years 1940-41 are due to the Second World War. Apparently during that time, data was not collected by a lightkeeper.Original data was sent by the Lightkeepers and now by the Marine Protected Area Guardian of Race Rocks to the Institute of Ocean Sciences where it is compiled and displayed at
http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/data-donnees/lighthouses-phares/index-eng.htm
Decade analysis by G. Fletcher.. NOTE probable evidence of climate change
Race Rocks Light Station: 48.2996 123.5318

Year	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

1921	—	7.13	7.39	7.75	8.53	9.57	10.31	10.53	10.35	9.88	9.21	8.25
1922	6.4	6.1	6.6	7.5	8.3	9.5	10.5	10.3	10.2	9.3	8.4	7.1
1923	7.1	6.4	6.7	7.6	8.6	9.3	10.3	10.5	10.6	9.6	8.7	7.9
1924	7.1	7.3	7.7	7.9	9	9.8	10.5	10.3	10.2	9.2	8.8	7.3
1925	6.6	6.9	7.3	8	9.2	10.1	11.1	10.8	10.2	9.2	8.3	8.2
1926	7.8	8	8.6	9.2	10.1	10.7	11.1	10.9	10.5	9.8	9.1	8.5
1927	7.6	7.4	7.8	8	8.8	9.8	10.5	10.9	10.3	9.7	8.6	7.6
1928	6.9	7.3	7.8	8.6	9.7	10.2	10.8	10.9	10.3	9.2	8.6	7.9
1929	7.1	6.3	7.1	7.8	9	9.8	10.8	10.8	10.7	9.8	8.8	7.8
1930	6.5	6.6	7.1	8.2	9.3	10	10.6	10.8	10.6	9.4	8.6	8
1931	7.8	7.8	8.2	8.8	9.9	10.6	11.5	11.1	10.7	9.6	8.6	7.7
1932	7.1	6.8	7.3	8.2	9.3	10.4	10.8	10.9	10.7	9.6	8.9	7.7
1933	7.1	6.7	7.1	8	9.1	10.2	10.5	11.5	10.1	9.6	8.6	7.7
1934	7.8	7.9	8.3	9.2	10	10.8	10.9	11.6	10.7	9.7	9.2	8.4
1935	7.2	7.2	7.5	7.8	9.2	10.1	10.5	10.5	10.7	9.7	8.2	8.1
1936	7.9	6.7	7	7.8	9.3	10.4	11.3	11.3	10.5	10.1	8.6	7.9
1937	6.6	6.4	7.7	8.7	9.9	10.9	11.7	11.5	10.9	9.9	8.5	8.1
1938	7.4	7.2	8.1	9.4	10.6	12.3	12.7	11.9	11	9.9	8.6	7.5
1939	7.4	6.6	7.1	8.6	10.3	11.4	12.2	11.1	11.4	9.7	–<	8.5
1940	7.98	8.28	9.06	10.09	11.49	11.69	—	—	—	—	—	—
1941	—	—	—	—	10.87	10.54	11.29	11-05	10.66	9.97	9.07	8.60
1942	7.9	7.9	7.8	8.5	9.6	9.8	10.5	11	10.3	9.5	8.4	7.9
1943	6.8	6.7	7.1	8.2	8.8	10	10.3	10.6	10.3	9.6	9	8.1
1944	7.7	7.5	7.3	8	9.2	10.5	11	10.9	10.5	9.6	9.2	8.1
1945	7.8	7.7	7.6	8	8.8	9.8	10.1	10.5	10	9.5	8.1	8.1
1946	7.7	7.3	7.7	8.1	9.4	10.2	10.7	10.8	10.3	9.4	8.1	7.7
1947	7.1	7	7.7	8.4	9.5	10.4	10.6	10.9	10.5	9.9	9.1	7.9
1948	7.5	6.9	7.2	7.9	9	10.2	10.8	10.7	10.4	9.5	8.2	7
1949	6.1	6.1	6.9	8.3	9.4	10.1	10.3	10.2	10.5	9.5	8.7	7.8
1950	6.2	5.8	6.6	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.1	10.4	10.3	9.3	8.5	8
1951	7.5	6.9	6.7	8.1	9.2	10.2	10.4	11.1	10.9	9.5	8.5	7.7
1952	6.9	7.1	7.6	8.2	9	9.6	10.4	10.5	10.2	9.8	8.6	7.9
1953	7.8	7.9	7.6	8.1	9.3	9.8	10.6	11	10.6	9.9	9.3	8.5
1954	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.9	8.7	9.3	9.9	10	10	9.4	9.1	8.4
1955	7.5	7.1	6.7	7.5	8.4	9.3	9.8	10.2	10	8.9	7.5	6.6
1956	6.7	6.4	6.3	7.6	8.7	9.6	10.2	10.4	10.1	9.2	8.1	7.1
1957	6.3	6.2	7.2	8.1	9.3	10	10.3	10.5	10.5	9.8	8.8	8.3
1958	8	8.3	8.6	9.3	10.3	10.7	11.5	11.5	11	9.9	8.7	8.1
1959	7.6	7.4	7.9	9.1	9.7	10.4	11.3	11	10.4	9.7	8.3	7.8
1960	7.1	7.5	7.5	8.6	9.6	10.3	11.4	10.8	10.1	9.5	8.6	7.9
1961	7.9	8.2	8.4	8.8	9.4	10.3	10.9	11.3	10.6	9.4	8.2	7.5
1962	7.2	7.3	7.3	8.4	9.3	10	10.4	10.5	10.5	10	9.3	8.7
1963	7.5	7.5	7.8	8.5	9.6	10.2	10.5	10.8	10.6	10.3	9.9	8.7
1964	8.2	7.9	7.7	8.2	8.8	9.6	10.3	10.5	10	9.4	8.3	7.4
1965	6.9	7.1	7.2	8	8.8	9.8	10	10.2	10.3	9.7	9.2	8.5
1966	7.7	7.6	7.7	8.5	9	9.1	99.9	10.7	10.1	9.5	8.7	8.6
1967	7.9	7.7	7.6	8.1	8.9	9.6	10.3	10.5	10.5	9.7	9.1	8
1968	7.3	7.3	8	8.3	8.7	9.5	10.2	10.2	10.4	9.3	8.8	7.8
1969	6.5	6.3	7.2	8.1	9.1	10.2	10.4	10.5	9.8	9.2	8.7	8.1
1970	7.5	7.7	7.9	8	8.7	9.6	10.2	10.2	10	9	8.3	7.5
1971	7	6.9	6.7	7.5	8.5	9.1	10	10.6	10.4	9.3	8.3	7.3
1972	6.4	6.2	6.9	7.6	8.8	9.5	10.5	10.6	10.2	9.1	8.4	7.3
1973	7	7.2	7.9	8.4	8.6	9.2	10.1	10.3	10	9.2	8.2	8
1974	7.2	7.2	7.3	8.1	8.5	9.7	10	10.9	10.6	9.7	8.6	8.2
1975	7.3	6.8	7.2	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.2	10.4	10.4	9.6	9.2	7.8
1976	7.2	7	7	7.8	8.7	9.3	10.1	10.1	10	9.4	8.6	8.1
1977	7.6	7.9	8	8.3	8.8	9.7	9.9	10.8	10.3	9.2	8.6	7.9
1978	7.6	7.9	8.3	8.9	9.4	10.3	10.4	10.9	10.5	9.8	8.2	7.3
1979	6.5	6.9	7.5	8.3	9.5	10	10.8	10.7	10.5	9.8	9	8.6
1980	7.7	7.6	7.9	8.6	9.5	9.5	10.6	10.9	10.5	9.9	9.2	8.6
1981	8.3	8.3	8.8	9.2	9.4	9.9	10.3	10.5	10.2	9.7	9.3	8.5
1982	7.2	7.5	8	8.8	9.9	10.7	11.4	11.8	11.4	10.3	8.8	8.3
1983	8.6	8.6	9.3	10	10.6	11.3	11.7	12.4	11.4	10.3	9.5	7.7
1984	7.5	7.8	8.4	9	9.7	10.3	11.4	11.6	10.6	9.7	8.5	6.9
1985	6.8	6.8	7.2	8.2	9.6	10.6	11.5	11.6	10.8	9.6	6.8	6.4
1986	7	6.6	8	8.4	9.4	11	10.9	11.8	10.8	9.8	8.4	7.8
1987	7.6	7.9	8.3	8.9	9.8	10.6	11.1	11.5	11.1	10	9	8.2
1988	7.4	7.5	7.5	8.6	9.6	10.4	11	11.4	10.6	9.6	8.7	7.9
1989	7	5.8	6.8	8.2	9.5	10.7	11.3	11.2	11	9.9	8.9	8.2
1990	8.1	7.7	8.2	9	9.9	10.8	11.8	12.1	12.1	10.7	9.9	8.2
1991	7.1	7.7	7.9	8.4	9.7	9.7	10.8	11	11.2	10.1	8.9	8.3
1992	7.9	8.1	9.5	9.5	10.2	10.7	11.1	11.4	11	10	9.1	7.8
1993	6.7	6.7	7.6	8.6	9.7	10.8	11	11.2	11	10.1	8.5	7.9
1994	8	7.4	8.6	9.3	10.1	10.6	11.6	11.5	11.3	10.7	9.3	8.4
1995	8.2	8.6	8.8	9.2	10.2	11.2	11.8	11.5	11.3	10.2	9.4	8.9
1996	8.2	7.8	8.4	9.2	10	10.4	11.5	11.5	10.5	9.9	8.7	7.6
1997	7.7	7.9	8.1	9	10.3	10.9	11.7	12.2	11.6	11.3	9.9	9.3
1998	8.7	9.2	9.7	9.9	10.4	11.4	11.7	12.3	12.1	10.7	9.8	9
1999	8	7.8	8.1	8.9	9.5	10.4	11.1	11.5	11.9	10.1	9	8.5
2000	7.5	7.7	8.1	9.1	10	11.1	11.3	11.7	11.4	10.3	9	8
2001	7.9	7.7	8.1	8.7	9.7	10.6	11.3	11.4	11.4	10.2	9.2	8.3
2002	8.1	7.9	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.5	11,2	11.7	11.3	10.0	9.0	8.8
2003	8.8	8.5	8.7	9.2	9.9	10.9	11.3	11.4	11.4	10.9	9.0	8.5
2004	7.8	7.9	8.3	9.1	10.4	11.0	11.8	11.9	11.2	10.6	9.4	8.6
2005	7.7	8.0	8.8	9.4	10.7	11.2	11.6	12.1	11.5	10.4	9.5	8.3
2006	8.61	8.49	8.41	8.75	10.08	10.86	11.66	12.09	11.49	10.55	9.29	8.5
2007	7.8	7.9	7.9	9.0	10.0	10.2	11.2	11.6	11.0	10.0	9.0	8.0
2008	7.46	7.33	7.68	8.06	9.36	9.77	10.84	11.30	11.16	10.14	9.39	7.87
2009	7.29	7.20	7.5	8.4	9.54	10.4	11.4	11.74	11.8	10.5	9.0	7.0
2010	8.11	8.68	9.12	8.96	9.54	10.36	11.16	11.93	11.08	10.37	8.98	8.5
2011	7.77	7.49	7.77	8.53	9.32	10.35	10.76	11.38	11.17	10.14<	8.66<	8.01
2012	7.29	7.35	7.63	8.73	9.82	9.76	10.37	10.98	10.92	9.66<	8.85	8.32
2013	7.64	7.44	7.48	8.27	9.05	9.72	10.96	10.76	10.65	10,10	8.69	7.68
2014	7.63	7.25	7.90	8.80	9.72	10.30	10.79	11.36	11.20	10.72	10.14	9.03
2015	8.75	9.00	8.96	9.40	9.88	11.17	11.97	12.23	11.30	10.55	9.61	9.01
2016	8.45	8.77	9.05	9.71	10.21	11.16	11.90	12.52	11.27	10.40	10.42	8.63
2018	8.06	7.71	8.00	8.81	10.31	10.63	11.40	11.50	11.11	`0.27	9,54	8.72
2019	8.45	—	—	8.96	10.05	10.87	10.98	11.26	10.85	—	—	—
2020	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2022	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Year/span>	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr/span>	May	Jun/span>	Jul/span>	Aug/span>	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

Race Rocks Mean Monthly Sea Temperature 1921-present,

Posted on Monday,November 15, 2010 by Garry Fletcher

Seawater Temperature: Race Rocks
Decade Comparisons:Sea Surface Temperature at Race Rocks-

Year	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec

1921		7.1	7.3	7.7	8.5	9.5	10.3	10.5	10.3	9.8	9.1	8.2
1922	6.4	6.1	6.6	7.5	8.3	9.5	10.5	10.3	10.2	9.3	8.4	7.1
1923	7.1	6.4	6.7	7.6	8.6	9.3	10.3	10.5	10.6	9.6	8.7	7.9
1924	7.1	7.3	7.7	7.9	9	9.8	10.5	10.3	10.2	9.2	8.8	7.3
1925	6.6	6.9	7.3	8	9.2	10.1	11.1	10.8	10.2	9.2	8.3	8.2
1926	7.8	8	8.6	9.2	10.1	10.7	11.1	10.9	10.5	9.8	9.1	8.5
1927	7.6	7.4	7.8	8	8.8	9.8	10.5	10.9	10.3	9.7	8.6	7.6
1928	6.9	7.3	7.8	8.6	9.7	10.2	10.8	10.9	10.3	9.2	8.6	7.9
1929	7.1	6.3	7.1	7.8	9	9.8	10.8	10.8	10.7	9.8	8.8	7.8
1930	6.5	6.6	7.1	8.2	9.3	10	10.6	10.8	10.6	9.4	8.6	8
1931	7.8	7.8	8.2	8.8	9.9	10.6	11.5	11.1	10.7	9.6	8.6	7.7
1932	7.1	6.8	7.3	8.2	9.3	10.4	10.8	10.9	10.7	9.6	8.9	7.7
1933	7.1	6.7	7.1	8	9.1	10.2	10.5	11.5	10.1	9.6	8.6	7.7
1934	7.8	7.9	8.3	9.2	10	10.8	10.9	11.6	10.7	9.7	9.2	8.4
1935	7.2	7.2	7.5	7.8	9.2	10.1	10.5	10.5	10.7	9.7	8.2	8.1
1936	7.9	6.7	7	7.8	9.3	10.4	11.3	11.3	10.5	10.1	8.6	7.9
1937	6.6	6.4	7.7	8.7	9.9	10.9	11.7	11.5	10.9	9.9	8.5	8.1
1938	7.4	7.2	8.1	9.4	10.6	12.3	12.7	11.9	11	9.9	8.6	7.5
1939	7.4	6.6	7.1	8.6	10.3	11.4	12.2	11.1	11.4	9.7		8.5
1940	7.9	8.2	9	10	11.4	11.6
1941					10	10.5	11.2	11	10.6	9.9	9	8.5
1942	7.9	7.9	7.8	8.5	9.6	9.8	10.5	11	10.3	9.5	8.4	7.9
1943	6.8	6.7	7.1	8.2	8.8	10	10.3	10.6	10.3	9.6	9	8.1
1944	7.7	7.5	7.3	8	9.2	10.5	11	10.9	10.5	9.6	9.2	8.1
1945	7.8	7.7	7.6	8	8.8	9.8	10.1	10.5	10	9.5	8.1	8.1
1946	7.7	7.3	7.7	8.1	9.4	10.2	10.7	10.8	10.3	9.4	8.1	7.7
1947	7.1	7	7.7	8.4	9.5	10.4	10.6	10.9	10.5	9.9	9.1	7.9
1948	7.5	6.9	7.2	7.9	9	10.2	10.8	10.7	10.4	9.5	8.2	7
1949	6.1	6.1	6.9	8.3	9.4	10.1	10.3	10.2	10.5	9.5	8.7	7.8
1950	6.2	5.8	6.6	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.1	10.4	10.3	9.3	8.5	8
1951	7.5	6.9	6.7	8.1	9.2	10.2	10.4	11.1	10.9	9.5	8.5	7.7
1952	6.9	7.1	7.6	8.2	9	9.6	10.4	10.5	10.2	9.8	8.6	7.9
1953	7.8	7.9	7.6	8.1	9.3	9.8	10.6	11	10.6	9.9	9.3	8.5
1954	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.9	8.7	9.3	9.9	10	10	9.4	9.1	8.4
1955	7.5	7.1	6.7	7.5	8.4	9.3	9.8	10.2	10	8.9	7.5	6.6
1956	6.7	6.4	6.3	7.6	8.7	9.6	10.2	10.4	10.1	9.2	8.1	7.1
1957	6.3	6.2	7.2	8.1	9.3	10	10.3	10.5	10.5	9.8	8.8	8.3
1958	8	8.3	8.6	9.3	10.3	10.7	11.5	11.5	11	9.9	8.7	8.1
1959	7.6	7.4	7.9	9.1	9.7	10.4	11.3	11	10.4	9.7	8.3	7.8
1960	7.1	7.5	7.5	8.6	9.6	10.3	11.4	10.8	10.1	9.5	8.6	7.9
1961	7.9	8.2	8.4	8.8	9.4	10.3	10.9	11.3	10.6	9.4	8.2	7.5
1962	7.2	7.3	7.3	8.4	9.3	10	10.4	10.5	10.5	10	9.3	8.7
1963	7.5	7.5	7.8	8.5	9.6	10.2	10.5	10.8	10.6	10.3	9.9	8.7
1964	8.2	7.9	7.7	8.2	8.8	9.6	10.3	10.5	10	9.4	8.3	7.4
1965	6.9	7.1	7.2	8	8.8	9.8	10	10.2	10.3	9.7	9.2	8.5
1966	7.7	7.6	7.7	8.5	9	9.1	99.9	10.7	10.1	9.5	8.7	8.6
1967	7.9	7.7	7.6	8.1	8.9	9.6	10.3	10.5	10.5	9.7	9.1	8
1968	7.3	7.3	8	8.3	8.7	9.5	10.2	10.2	10.4	9.3	8.8	7.8
1969	6.5	6.3	7.2	8.1	9.1	10.2	10.4	10.5	9.8	9.2	8.7	8.1
1970	7.5	7.7	7.9	8	8.7	9.6	10.2	10.2	10	9	8.3	7.5
1971	7	6.9	6.7	7.5	8.5	9.1	10	10.6	10.4	9.3	8.3	7.3
1972	6.4	6.2	6.9	7.6	8.8	9.5	10.5	10.6	10.2	9.1	8.4	7.3
1973	7	7.2	7.9	8.4	8.6	9.2	10.1	10.3	10	9.2	8.2	8
1974	7.2	7.2	7.3	8.1	8.5	9.7	10	10.9	10.6	9.7	8.6	8.2
1975	7.3	6.8	7.2	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.2	10.4	10.4	9.6	9.2	7.8
1976	7.2	7	7	7.8	8.7	9.3	10.1	10.1	10	9.4	8.6	8.1
1977	7.6	7.9	8	8.3	8.8	9.7	9.9	10.8	10.3	9.2	8.6	7.9
1978	7.6	7.9	8.3	8.9	9.4	10.3	10.4	10.9	10.5	9.8	8.2	7.3
1979	6.5	6.9	7.5	8.3	9.5	10	10.8	10.7	10.5	9.8	9	8.6
1980	7.7	7.6	7.9	8.6	9.5	9.5	10.6	10.9	10.5	9.9	9.2	8.6
1981	8.3	8.3	8.8	9.2	9.4	9.9	10.3	10.5	10.2	9.7	9.3	8.5
1982	7.2	7.5	8	8.8	9.9	10.7	11.4	11.8	11.4	10.3	8.8	8.3
1983	8.6	8.6	9.3	10	10.6	11.3	11.7	12.4	11.4	10.3	9.5	7.7
1984	7.5	7.8	8.4	9	9.7	10.3	11.4	11.6	10.6	9.7	8.5	6.9
1985	6.8	6.8	7.2	8.2	9.6	10.6	11.5	11.6	10.8	9.6	6.8	6.4
1986	7	6.6	8	8.4	9.4	11	10.9	11.8	10.8	9.8	8.4	7.8
1987	7.6	7.9	8.3	8.9	9.8	10.6	11.1	11.5	11.1	10	9	8.2
1988	7.4	7.5	7.5	8.6	9.6	10.4	11	11.4	10.6	9.6	8.7	7.9
1989	7	5.8	6.8	8.2	9.5	10.7	11.3	11.2	11	9.9	8.9	8.2
1990	8.1	7.7	8.2	9	9.9	10.8	11.8	12.1	12.1	10.7	9.9	8.2
1991	7.1	7.7	7.9	8.4	9.7	9.7	10.8	11	11.2	10.1	8.9	8.3
1992	7.9	8.1	9.5	9.5	10.2	10.7	11.1	11.4	11	10	9.1	7.8
1993	6.7	6.7	7.6	8.6	9.7	10.8	11	11.2	11	10.1	8.5	7.9
1994	8	7.4	8.6	9.3	10.1	10.6	11.6	11.5	11.3	10.7	9.3	8.4
1995	8.2	8.6	8.8	9.2	10.2	11.2	11.8	11.5	11.3	10.2	9.4	8.9
1996	8.2	7.8	8.4	9.2	10	10.4	11.5	11.5	10.5	9.9	8.7	7.6
1997	7.7	7.9	8.1	9	10.3	10.9	11.7	12.2	11.6	11.3	9.9	9.3
1998	8.7	9.2	9.7	9.9	10.4	11.4	11.7	12.3	12.1	10.7	9.8	9
1999	8	7.8	8.1	8.9	9.5	10.4	11.1	11.5	11.9	10.1	9	8.5
2000	7.5	7.7	8.1	9.1	10	11.1	11.3	11.7	11.4	10.3	9	8
2001	7.9	7.7	8.1	8.7	9.7	10.6	11.3	11.4	11.4	10.2	9.2	8.3
2002	8.1	7.9	7.7	8.7	9.4	10.5	11,2	11.7	11.3	10.0	9.0	8.8
2003	8.8	8.5	8.7	9.2	9.9	10.9	11.3	11.4	11.4	10.9	9.0	8.5
2004	7.8	7.9	8.3	9.1	10.4	11.0	11.8	11.9	11.2	10.6	9.4	8.6
2005	7.7	8.0	8.8	9.4	10.7	11.2	11.6	12.1	11.5	10.4	9.5	8.3
2006	8.61	8.49	8.41	8.75	10.08	10.86	11.66	12.09	11.49	10.55	9.29	8.5
2007	7.8	7.9	7.9	9.0	10.0	10.2	11.2	11.6	11.0	10.0	9.0	8.0
2008	7.46	7.33	7.68	8.06	9.36	9.77	10.84	11.30	11.16	10.14	9.39	7.87
2009	7.29	7.20	7.5	8.4	9.54	10.4	11.4	11.74	11.8	10.5	9.0	7.0
2010	8.11	8.68	9.12	8.96	9.54	10.36	11.16	11.93	11.08	10.37	8.98	8.5
2011	7.8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2012	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2013	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2014	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2016	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2017	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2018	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2019	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2020	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2021	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2022	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2023	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Note, The blanks for the years 1940-41 are due to the Second World War. Apparently during that time, data was not collected by a lightkeeper.

Original data was sent by the Lightkeepers and now by the Marine Protected Area Guardian of Race Rocks to the Institute of Ocean Sciences where it is compiled and displayed at

http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/data-donnees/lighthouses-phares/index-eng.htm

Decade analysis by G. Fletcher.. NOTE probable evidence of climate change

Sea Water Temperatures at Race Rocks

Posted on Sunday,October 15, 2006 by Garry Fletcher

From
1921 until 1997 daily records of Seawater Temperature and
Salinity were manually taken at Race Rocks by the Lightkeepers and assistants. In 1997 the station was automated and Lester Pearson College took over the hiring of the Lightkeeper Mike Slater and his wife Carol as Guardians for the Ecological Reserve / Marine Protected Area. They maintained the daily sea temp and salinity records until their retirement in 2009. The records have been submitted monthly to the Institute of Ocean Sciences, thus continuing this important long term record.

See the Decade Comparisons:Sea Surface Temperature at Race Rocks- 1921-1930 and 1995-2005

The students from Lester Pearson College often stayed at the island and took over the daily duties such as the water sampling for temperature and salinity. The following is their introduction to the video:During our project week at Race Rocks, Mike Slater, the Race Rocks Marine Protected Area Guardian asked us if we could make a video explaining the daily duties necessary to maintain the facility. Students who are relieving on the island during Mike’s absence will be able to use this data as a guide for performing their duties, as well as providing a useful information resource for students visiting the island. These duties include two daily engine checks, a salinity check one hour before high tide, and keeping a record of the days weather, as well as explaining the functions and instructions for testing machinery located on the island.

Garry gives a good demonstration of when one should avoid taking seawater temperatures!~ (Photo by Barry Herring Feb 2009)

SEA TEMPERATURE 1921 to 2008

FROM
: Ocean Science and Productivity Division On-Line data (IOS-Sidney, BC)

British Columbia Lightstation Sea-Surface Temperature and Salinity Data (Pacific), 1914-present

Also
see historic sets of raw data from IOS for the British
Columbia Light Stations

http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/oceans/data-donnees/lighthouses-phares/data/racerockday.txt

Observations of Seawater Temperature and Salinity at British Columbia Shore Stations, 1983. F. Glovando 1985

Refer
to the File “Temperature Changes Through Time for an
Educational exercise on Sea water Temperature changes.

OCEAN
WARMING:
The
long-term Sea temperature record at Race Rocks has
been pointed out as one of the pieces of evidence that has
accumulated on global warming. Terry Glavin, in reviewing
the book The Weather Makers by Tim
Flannery ( Harper Collins Publishers, 2006) says
:”
The Pacific Ocean itself is getting warmer.
Measurements at the Race Rocks lighthouse near
Victoria show an average rise in temperature of 1°C
since 1921, which doesn’t sound like much until you
remember that its only 10°C in the other direction
that separates us from the deep freeze of the Ice Age.
The ocean, absorbing increasing volumes of carbon
dioxide, is becoming more acidic too, inhibiting the
production of plankton, the basis of all life in the
sea.”The
rest of the article may be seen at
http://www.straight.com/content.cfm?id=17132

See this file for our own analysis which supports this statement:

page 21 State
of the Pacific Ocean 2005
context.http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/psarc/OSRs/StateofOceans2005fnl.pdfTwo
references are made to Race Rocks Sea Temperature
data. page 6 and page 31

State
of the Pacific Ocean , 2006

state of the pacific ocean 2006,page 36 ” Ocean
Temperatures along the west coast of Vancouver island
declined to below average conditions in the latter half
of 2006. The waters of race Rocks …did not follow this
pattern, and remained above average all year.”

RESPONSE
OF ORGANISMS TO SEAWATER TEMPERATURES:

The
seawater in the Strait of Juan de Fuca has a very narrow
variation in temperature range. It is important to
understand about Heat Capacity, as it is partly due to
this ability of water to warm up slowly and cool off
slowly that the climate of Vancouver Island and the lower
mainland of British Columbia has the mildest weather in
Canada.

Heat
capacity is the ratio of the heat energy absorbed to the
rise in temperature. Objects with high heat capacity, such
as water, require a great amount of heat energy to change
temperature. Materials with low heat capacities, such as
air, easily change temperature with small amounts of heat
energy.

These
photos are from the California sea lion page. They demonstrate one of the forms of heat exchange used by the sea lions atRace Rocks. Their flippers are filled with blood vessels, so this behaviour allows heat exchange with the atmosphere.
Heat
Capacity is also sensitive to the size of the object
(for example, a bathtub of water has more heat capacity
than a cup of water). Therefore we can expect the
greatest variation in temperatures to occur at Race
Rocks in the tidepools.

This file shows one example of measurements taken on
tidepools. It illustrates this idea of size of the object and it also helps explain why our tidepools
have different biodiversity depending on the temperature variations of the pools.

Other ideas to be developed here:
1.Temperature stratification in tidepools and
distribution of organisms.

2.
Temperature stratification in the ocean. The importance
of the thermocline in determining marine-life zones.

3.
The relationship of temperature of water to its ability
to absorb the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. (An
inverse relationship which has significant implications
for where organisms can live.)

4.
Birds and mammals have adaptation for cold temperatures,
e.g. Insulation, activity levels and counter-current
arterial circulation

	Dr. Kate Edwards of the University of Washington School of Oceanography is doing research on the sea temperatures of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. (click on image to left).She maintains web pages at: Strait of Juan de Fuca page: http://www.ocean.washington.edu/~kate West Coast headlands page: http://www-ccs.ucsd.edu/~kate
	Jan Newton is at the Washington state Department of Ecology and is interested in how the Straits affect Puget Sound. She has organized the “Joint Effort to Monitor the Straits,” which regularly sample the three stations south of San Juan Island in the map at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/apps/eap/marinewq/mwdataset.asp . Click on the Station Group Puget Sound, and the Selected Station – Juan de Fuca.
	This paper references Strait of Juan de Fuca Temperatures

Educational Exercises Using Data From Race Rocks – Excel and
Statistics

Race Rocks Ecological Reserve-

marine ecology educational resource, remote-control webcams,elephant seal colony,Sea lion haulout,sustainable energy, solar energy

Tag Archives: seawater